General MATERIALS USED IN

ORTHODONTICS

Presented by- Dr.Anadha Gujar

P G student

Dept. of Orthodontics
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 CONTENTS-

 Impression materials
 Gypsum and gypsum products
 Dental cements
 Denture base resins
 Types of Adhesives
 Elastics

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 IMPRESSION MATERIALS
A dental impression is a negative record of the tissues of the mouth .It is used
to register and reproduce the form and relationship of the teeth and surrounding
tissues.

Desirable properties of impression materials:

 They should be to fluid enough adapt the oral tissues
 They should be viscous enough to be contained in the tray that is seated in the
mouth
 Ideally the total setting time should be less than 7 mins.
 The set impression should not distort or tear when removed from the mouth.
 The impression should maintain its dimensional stability after removal of a cast so
that a second or third cast can be made from the same impression.
 The materials, should be biocompatible
 The materials associated processing equipment & processing time should be cost
effective.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS

Rigid Elastic
Set by chemical reaction Plaster Alginate
(irreversible/thermostat) Zinc oxide eugenol Non aqueous elastomers
Polysulphide
Polyether
Silicone
Set by temperature change Impression compound Agar hydrocolloid
(reversible/thermoplastic) Wax

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COLLOIDS
Colloid is defined as a state of matter in which the matter is
dispersed through out some medium called dispersion medium.
Owing to the structure, constitutions and reaction colloids are
classified as fourth state of matter known as Colloid state.
Colloid solution exists somewhere between the extremes of
very small molecules in solution and the very large particles in
suspension. Size of colloid particles range from 1-200 nm.
Types of colloid
Colloidal solution may be composed of combination of
 Liquid / solid in air  aerosol
 Liquid / gas in solid  Solidosol
 Liquid / gas / solid in liquid  Lysol
• Metallic colloids are lysophobic and organic colloids are lyophilic.
When dispersion medium is water , colloid is called hydrocolloid.
• The colloidal materials used for making impression are either agar
or algin dissolved in water- Hence the term hydrocolloid
impression materials.
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Classification:
Hydrocolloid impression materials are classified as
Reversible e.g. Agar
Irreversible e.g. Alginate

Colloids may exist as either sol or gel.

SOL-In sol state colloid is a viscous liquid
GEL- Gel is material of gelatin like consistency. It can
be formed from sol by the process of Gelation.

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SOL-Gel Transformation:
Gelation is the process by which sol becomes gel. It occurs in two
ways.
• By Temperature changes
• By chemical means
By temperature changes:
 Gelation is brought about by a reversible process. E.g. Agar. The fibrils are
held together by secondary molecular forces. So that they break at slightly
elevated temperature and become reestablished as the hydrocolloid cools
to room temperature.
 The temperature at which these changes occurs is the Gelation
temperature
 The Gel is converted to sol when it is heated to a higher temperature which
is known as Liquification temperature.
 The temperature lag between gelation and liquification temperature is
known as hysterisis.
By chemical change
 Conversion of sol to gel is brought about by chemical reaction, the fibrils
thus formed are held together by primary bonds and are unaffected by
temperature. Hence they are called irreversible hydrocolloid e.g. Alginate
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ALGINATE ( IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID)

INTRODUCTION:

The word Alginate comes from the term ‘Algin’ which is a peculiar
mucous extract yielded by certain brown seaweed (algae).The term”
Algin” was coined by a chemist from Scotland at the end of the last
century.
In England 40yrs later another chemist S.Willing Wilding, received
a basic patent for the use of algin as dental impression material

TYPES:
Type I - Fast setting
Type II – Normal setting

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COMPOSITION:
Ingredients Percentage Function
by weight
1)Esters of alginic acid Dissolves in water & reacts with calcium
Sodium/Potassium/ 15% ions
Triethanolamine alginate

2)Calcium Sulphate(reactor) 16% Reacts with potassium alginate solution &

forms insoluble calcium alginate
3)Zinc oxide 4% Acts as a filler

4)Potassium titanium fluoride 3% Acts as gypsum hardner

5)Diatomaceous earth 60% Acts as a filler

6)Sodium phosphate(retarder) 2% Reacts preferentially with calcium sulphate

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7)Colouring & flavouring agents Traces
SETTING REACTION:
 The required quantity of powder & water are dispersed in a bowl & spatulation is
carried out until a smooth creamy mix of alginate is obtained,that does not readily
drip off the spatula when it is raised from the bowl.

Na3PO4 + 3CaSO4 -------->Ca3(PO4) + 3Na2SO4

Sodium alginate + CaSO4 + H2O ------->Ca alginate + Na2SO4

 The final gel structure consists of a brush heap of calcium alginate fibril network
enclosing unreacted sodium alginate sol,excess water,filler paricles,and reaction by
products.

 Gelation time can be decreased by increasing the temperature of water used to

mix impression material.

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Modified Alginates
 In the form of sol,containing water and a reactor of Plaster of Paris
 Two paste system: One with alginate sol and the other with calcium reactor. This
can be applied both as a tray and syringe material.
Shelf Life

Two major factors that affect the shelf life of alginate impression materials are
storage temperature and moisture contamination from ambient air.

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MANIPULATION
 Alginate impression materials are easy to use. Shake the container well
before use to get an even distribution of ingredients. The powder contains
high molecular weight substances like diatomaceous earth which settle
down during storage. Open the lid after some time so that the fumes
settle down. The silaceous particle, are similar to asbestos fibres that
produce fibrinogenesis and carcinogenesis. So inhalation of fumes should
be avoided.
 Although special plastic bowls and spatulas are available, generally, a
flexible rubber bowl and wide bladed stiff stainless stainless steel spatula
is used. The bowl and spatula should be clean . Contamination during
mixing leads to too rapid set, inadequate fluidity or even rupture of the
impression upon removal from mouth. Water-powder ratio specified by
the manufacturer should be strictly followed to ensure maximum gel
strength and elastic recovery.
 Usually the water powder ratio is 40ml water for 25gm powder.
 The mixing time also affects strength of the gel structure. The strength
of gel can be reduced as much as 50% if mix is not complete. Under mixing
can lead to grainy mix which leads to reduced tissue detail reproduction.
Prolonged mixing results in weakened gel structure as fibrils once formed
will be broken up. This will also lead to reduced working time.

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MANUAL TECHNIQUE
 The Measured powder is shifted into premeasured water in a bowl.
Powder is incorporated into water by careful mixing with the metal
spatula. A vigorous figure 8 motion is the best, with the mix being swiped
against the sides of the bowl with intermittent rotation of the spatula to
press out air bubbles. This promotes complete dissolution. All the powder
should be dissolved for residual powder will compromise the properties.
 A mixing time of 45 seconds to 1 minute is sufficient .Mixing should result
in a smooth creamy mix that does not drip off the spatula, when it’s raised
from the bowl.
AUTOMATED TECHNIQUE
 A variety of mechanical devices are available for spatulating the alginate
impression material. The required quantity of powder and water are
dispensed in a bowl. Spatulation is carried out until a smooth creamy mix
of alginate is obtained. This results in a superior mix than obtained
manually.
 Advantages: Convenience
Speed
Elimination of human variable.
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Impression Technique
 Select the tray with minimum of 3mm spacing between the tray flange and tissue
to ensure adequate thickness of impression material. Before seating, the material
should have developed sufficient body so that it does not flow out of the tray
and choke the patient. Tray should be perforated for better adhesion. If a plastic
tray is used, tray adhesive like sticky wax or methyl cellulose must be used. The
disadvantage of using tray adhesives is that it is difficult to clean the tray.
 The strength of alginate impression materials increases for the first few minutes
after initial gelation. The strength of alginate doubles in the first 4 minutes after
initial gelation, after which there is no appreciable changes. So the impression
should not be removed for at least 2-3 minutes after gelation has occurred. Any
pressure on gel due to movement of tray will create stress with in and lead to
distortion on removal of impression. The tray should be removed with a sudden
dislodging force. This sudden displacement ensures better elastic recovery.

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Disinfecting the impression:
Impression material can act as a vehicle for
transfer of bacteria and virus.
Since the hydrocolloid impression material must
be poured within a short time after removal from the
mouth, the disinfection procedures should be
relatively rapid to prevent dimensional change.
Methods of disinfection usually carried out are
 Immersing the impression in a disinfectant
 Spraying the disinfectant on to the impression
 Using a disinfectant instead of water for mixing
 Incorporating a disinfectant in the impression material.
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DISINFECTANT SOLUTIONS USUALLY USED ARE
0.5% Sodium hypochlorite (10 minutes)
1:213 dilution iodophore (10 minutes)
2% Glutaraldehyde (20 minutes)
 1:32 dilution phenyl phenol (20 minutes)

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PROPERTIES:
 Toxicity:
Alginate is nontoxic.
 Irritation:
Alginate is a nonirritant material with acceptable taste and odour.
 Consistency and flow:
Alginate has smooth consistency and good flow.
 Flexibility:
ADA Specification no: 18 for alginate permits a range of 10% to 20% at a stress of
1000gm /cm2. Most alginate have a flexibility of typical value around 14%.
 Elastic recovery:
Elastic recovery of alginate is 97.3%.
 Permanent deformation:
ADA Specification no: 18 for alginate require less than 3% deformation when alginate
is compressed 10% for 30 seconds. Most alginate have a typical value around 1.5%.
 Mixing time:
45 seconds for Type I and 1 minute for Type 2.
 Setting time:
1 to 2 minutes for Type I and 2.5 to 4 minutes for Type 2.
 Working time:
1 to 1.5 minutes for Type 1 and 2 minutes for Type 2.
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Strength:
According to ADA Specification no. 18
Tear strength may vary from 300-700gm/cm2 and compressive strength 5000-
9000gm/cm2
Strength is affected by
 Amount of water used: increase or decrease in amount of water weakens gel
structure.
 Quality of spatulation: under mixing or over mixing weakens the final set material.
 Air bubbles or voids incorporated into the gel while mixing also reduce the
strength.

Dimensional stability:
 Changes in dimension can be brought about by syneresis and
imbibition.Therefore,cast should be poured immediately after making the
impression.If storage is unavoidable,keeping in a humid atmosphere of 100%
relative humidity results in the least dimensional change.

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ADVANTAGES
 Easy to manipulate
 Minimum equipment is required
 Low cost
 Elastic, so used in dentulous areas
 Accurate
 Comfortable for the patient
 Saliva does not affect accuracy
 Separating agent is not required
DISADVANTAGES
 Cannot be electroplated
 Cannot be corrected
 Poor dimensional stability
 Poor tear strength

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Chromatic alginate- Alginate impression material with a colouring agent
incorporated which changes in colour according to stages in manipulation.
E.g.: Violet on mixing, pink while ready to load the tray and yellow upon gelation.
Siliconised alginate --- To counteract low tear strength two paste alginate impression
system was developed with incorporation of silicon-polymer component. But
dimensional stability is poor.
Dust free alginates - To reduce complication of inhaling silica particles while fluffing,
a dedusting agent, glycol, was incorporated into alginate impression material. The
glycol coated particles are denser and settle down early.

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NON AQUEOUS ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION
MATERIALS(ADA sp. No. 19)
 Synthetic oligomers of various molecular compositions and sizes are supplied for
use as dental impression materials.These oligomers are viscous fluids that can
polymerize further through processes of CHAIN LENGHTENING and CROSS LINKING
to form viscous solid rubber.
 Content – 4 types:
Polysulfides
Poly silicones - Condensation
- Addition
Polyethers

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SETTING MECHANISM
Occurs through combination of :
chain lengthening polymer
+
Chemical cross linking either by- condensation reaction or addition reaction.

Each type is further divided into 4 viscosity classes (depending on filler):

 Light
 Medium / Regular
 Heavy
 Putty

 Available in different colors corresponding to

the viscosity

The light-bodied impression materials with their smaller oligomer size,register surface
detail more easily & tend to displace soft tissue less than medium bodied or heavy
bodied counterparts.

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POLYSULPHIDE RUBBER
 Mercaptan oligomer polymerizes by a condensation or step growth
process to form visco elastic polysulphide rubber.
 It is hydrophilic.
 Lead dioxide is the component that is usually incorporated to react
with hydrogen sulphide groups or mercaptan oligomers & facilitate
condensation polymerisation & this ingredient leaves a dark stain on
clothing as well on other materials that comes in contact with it.
 Water is condensation product that results from polymerisation or
mercaptan.
 It has bad odour & poor patient acceptance
 The disadvantage usually eliminates this material for use in
orthodontics.

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SILICONE RUBBERS
They are available in 2 different chemical forms
1)Condensation silicone materials-
 These materials polymerize by step growth process & forms alcohol
as condensation product.
 Liberation of alcohol can quickly affect the dimensional accuracy of
set material.
 It is hydrophobic.
These disadvantages usually eliminates this material from use in
orthodontics

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2)Addition silicone:
The combination of oligomers with silane groups & those with vinyl groups will polymerize in
the presence of platinum to form a highly elastic & stable polymer often referred to as
polyvinylsiloxane.
Composition:
Component Function
Base-
Poly(methyl hydrogen siloxane) To provides chemical & mechanical properties

Accelerator-
Divinyl polysiloxane reacts with base oligomer to form cross linked elastomer

Platinum acid catalyst To catalyze the polymerization reaction

Filler To improve clinical handling characteristics

The incorporation of a surfactant or inclusion of hydrophilic groups or both,in the oligomer can
be employed to make the addition silicone hydrophilic.
 Good handling characteristics before setting,least setting contraction,excellent
dimensional stability after setting ,& ability to form more than one model
contribute to its attractiveness.
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POLYETHER RUBBER
 First elastomer to be developed primarily to function as an
impression material.
 Stiffest of all elastomeric impression material.
 Shows highest cell toxicity.
 Hydrophilic
 Thorough mixing of component is required to avoid irritation of soft
tissues.
 Its bitter taste & high cost have limited orthodontic use of this
material.

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 PROPERTIES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CLINICAL USE

 It must be viscous enough to be held in the impression tray while

tray is being inserted in patients mouth & should also conform to
the unaltered shape of each of the oral tissues.
 It should not cause any harm or discomfort to the patient & without
any dimensional inaccuracy
 Both taste & odour contribute to acceptance by
patient.Polysulphide & polyether are generally not well accepted
 Gypsum is known to incorporate any free additional water that is
available at its surface during setting.
 The excellent dimensional stability of polyvinlysiloxane permits the
pouring of a second accurate model.

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GYPSUM AND GYPSUM PRODUCTS
 Chemically the mineral used for dental purpose is nearly purely calcium sulphate
dihydrate.(CaSO4.2H2O)
 The application of heat to gypsum lead to formation of calcium sulphate
hemihydrate.(CaSO4.1/2H2O)
 It loses 1 and half molecules of water of crystallisation,when this is mixed with
water it regains its water of crystallisation and becomes calcium sulphate
dihydrate.
Applications-
 In orthopaedics-for splinting and making plaster casts
 In dentistry- for preparing casts,moulds,dies,impression,and casting investments.

Gypsum was first found in mines around the city of Paris,so the plaster was called
plaster of Paris.

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Classification of gypsum products(ADA sp.no.25)

 Type I- Impression plaster

 Type II- Dental plaster
 Type III-Dental stone or medium strength stone
 Type IV-Improved stone or high strength stone
 Type V-dental stone,High strength,High expansion

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1)DENTAL PLASTER (TYPE II):
 The particles are irregular in shape and are porous.
 W/P ratio is 0.45 to 0.55 (i.e.50/100).Requires more gauging water
 Microscopically the beta form is a fibrous aggregate of fine crystals with capillary
pores.
2)DENTAL STONE (TYPE III):
 Particles are more uniform,prismatic in shape and dense.
 W/P ratio is 0.35,requires less gauging water,thus product obained is much
stronger and harder than beta hemihydrate.
 Microscopically the alpha form consists of cleavage fragments and crystals in the
form of rods or prisms
3)IMPROVED STONE (TYPE IV):
 Also called high strength stone.
 W/P ratio is 0.20 to 0.25
 The particles are densest of all 3 types and cubic or rectangular in shape.

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SETTING TIME:
 The time elapsing from the beginning of the mixing until the material
hardens is called as setting time.

FACTORS AFFECTING SETTING TIME:

 Mixing & spatulation: within limits,the longer & more rapidly the plaster is
mixed,shorter the setting time will be

 W/P ratio: more w/p ratio, the setting time will be prolonged.

 Temperature:With increase in temperature,the rate of reaction decreases,&setting time

is lengthened.

 Modifiers:
Accelerators =Terra alba,sodium sulphate(3 to 4%),potassium sulphate ,sodium chloride.
Retarders= sodium chlorides in higher concentration.acetates,borates,citrates tartarates &
inorganic salts like ferric sulphate,aluminium sulphate.

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DENTAL CEMENTS:
INTRODUCTION:
 Cements are routinely used for orthodontic purposes.
 Proper cementation of the bands and bonding of the brackets plays an important
role for the betterment of treatment and for reducing the duration.

ORTHODONTIC CEMENTS
 Zinc phosphate cement
 Zinc polycarboxylate cement
 Glass ionomer cement
conventional glass ionomer
resin modified glass ionomer
metal reinforced glass ionomer
 Resin cements

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 Zinc phosphate cement
INTRODUCTION:
 In 1879 zinc phosphate was introduced
 First dental cement to be used
 Oldest and longest clinical record
 It is set as the standard cement to be compared
 Fluoride containing zinc phosphates were Introduced
in 1960

CLASSIFICATION:
 Type 1 :Fine grained with film thickness 25µm
 Type 2 :Film thickness with film thickness 40µm
APPLICATION: Luting of Orthodontic Bands & Brackets.
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 Composition of zinc phosphate
 Powder
Zinc oxide: 90.2%
MgO : 08.2%
SiO2 : 01.4%
Bi2O3 : 00.1%
tannin & fluorides
 Liquid
Phosphoric acid :38.2%(reacts with ZnO)
Water :36% (controls rate of reaction)
Aluminium phosphate:16.2% (buffers to reduce rate of reaction)
Aluminium:2.5%
Zinc :7.1%

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Consistency and film thickness
inlay seating or luting
cement base or filling
band seating consistency

ADHESION:
The retention of the cemented band depends on the mechanical
interlocking of the set cement with the surface roughness

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PROPERTIES:
Ada specification no.8 for zinc phosphate
 Setting time
min - 5 min
max - 9 min
 Max film thickness
type -25 micro m
type – 40 micro m
 Max solubility & disintegration 0.2%by wt

 Compressive strength :
7min : 6.9 MPa
30 min : 86.9mpa
24 hrs : 104 mpa
 Diametrical tensile strength : 3.6-6.3 mpa

 Modulus of elasticity : 13.7 Gpa

 The recommended powder liquid ratio is 1.4gms/0.5 ml

 Mixing time is 1.5 - 2min

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BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES:
 The acidity of zinc phosphate cement is high due to presence of
phosphoric acid
 at the time of mixing it is 2 PH
 after 24 hrs it is 5.5PH

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 Zinc poly carboxylate.

Introduction
 zinc poly carboxylate cement was introduced by
Smith in 1968
this was the first dental material developed with
the adhesive potential to enamel and dentin

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 Composition
Cement is supplied as powder and liquid
 Powder
zinc oxide
magnesium oxide
bismuth and
aluminum Oxide
Stannous fluoride

 Liquid
Polyacrylic acid
Carboxylic acid

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 Properties

 Powder liquid ratio = 1.5:1

 Working time varies from 2-5 min at room temp
 Setting time varies from 3-7 min

 Mechanical properties

compressive strength :57-99 MPa

tensile strength :8-12 Mpa
elastic modulus :4-6 GPa
 Used in orthodontics for cementation of bands

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FILM THICKNESS:
 Maximum film thickness is 25µ m
ADHESION:
 An outstanding property of zinc polycarboxylate is that
they bond chemically to the tooth surface
 Bond strength to enamel is reported in the range of
3.45 to 13.1 GPa
 Bond strength to the dentin in the range of 2.07 Mpa
Biologic considerations
 The ph of the cement liquid is :1.7
 After 2 min mix : 3.45
 After 24 hrs :5.94
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 Glass ionomer cement
Formulated by Wilson & Kent in 1970 by bringing together
silicate cement & zinc polycarboxylate
 Synonyms
• Poly alkenoate cement
• Alumino Silicate Polyarcylic Acid

 Used in orthodontics for cementation of bands & for the

bonding of the brackets

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 Types and their uses

Type I : for luting

Type II : for restoration
Type III : as liners & bases
Type IV : Fissure sealant
Type V : Orthodontic cement
Type VI : Core build up cement
Type VIII & Type IX :Posterior packable GIC for
atraumatic restorations

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 COMPOSITION
 Powder and liquid in bottles
 Light cure system
 Water settable cements
( 2nd generation cements)
Powder-
• Silica
• Alumina
• Aluminum fluoride
• Calcium fluoride
• Sodium fluoride
• Aluminium phosphate
Liquid-
• Polyacrylic acid, in the form of copolymer with
Itaconic acid
Malleic acid
Tricarboxyic acid
• Tartaric acid
• Water

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 Properties

• Compressive strength : 150 mpa

• Tensile strength : 6.6 mpa
• Hardness : 48 KHN
• Modulus of elasticity : 3.5 to 4 GPa
• Flexural strength : 9 to 20 Mpa

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PREPARATION OF MATERIAL
 P/L ratio is : 3:1

SETTING TIME:
 For luting materials the setting time is in the range of 6 to 9 min
 Light cured materials set in 30 secs

MIXING TIME: 45 secs

FILM THICKNESS
 maximum film thickness is 25 µm

Adhesion:
 Mechanism of chemical bonding is due to reaction between carboxyl
groups of polyacids and calcium of enamel and dentin

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 ADVANTAGES
 Histological studies indicate glass ionomer are more
biocompatible
 They are radio opaque
 Virtually insoluble
 Long shelf life
 Acceptable chemical bond to dentin and enamel
 Reduce caries incidence around bands
 Act as reservoir for fluoride
 Debonding is easier, reported to break away with simple
desiccation.
 Glass ionomer not only inhibits demineralization but has
ability to remineralize.
 Exhibits coefficient of thermal expansion similar to
natural tooth structure
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 DISADVANTAGES

 During initial phase of setting moisture

adversely affect the hardness of the cement
 Glass ionomer cement also exhibits some
unfavorable properties. It is relatively brittle,
and it is susceptible to attack by water during
the setting phase, resulting in a weaker bond.

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Resin modified glass ionomer
Introduction
Few Disadvantages of traditional glass ionomer like
inferior mechanical properties, namely bonding
strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness.
Resin modification of glass ionomer was designed to
produce favorable physical properties similar to
those of resin composites and resin cements

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 COMPOSITION
POWDER
 Ion leachable glass
 Initiator for light curing
 Initiator for chemical curing
LIQUID
 Polycarboxylic acid
 Water
 2 hydroxyethyl methacrylate

SETTING REACTION:
 The reaction is a dual setting
i) the normal acid base reaction
ii) a free radical or photo polymerization process

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 Physical properties

• Compressive strength :105 MPa

• Tensile strength : 20 MPa
• KHN : 40
• Increased translucency from conventional Gic is
due to increase of monomer
• Fluoride release at the same level of conventional
GIC
• Diametrical tensile strength are higher then
conventional GICs

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 Advantages of resin modified glass
ionomer
• Greater working time
• Command set on application of visible light
• Easier clinical technique
• Finishing is possible after light curing.
• Aesthetics are closer to resin materials.
• Superior strength characteristics

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• Metal reinforced glass ionomer cement-Glass
ionomer lacks toughness so they cannot
withstand high stress concentration that
promotes crack propagation.
• Silver alloy admix:Glass ionomer can be
reinforced by physically incorporating silver alloy
powder with glass powder.

• Cermet :fusing glass particles to silver particles

through sintering.

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FUJI ORTHO BAND PASTE PAK
• A new 2 paste resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement, FUJI ORTHO
BAND PASTE PAK(GC Corporation,Tokyo)for the placement of
orthodontic bands has been developed for easier handling.Akira
Komori et al in AJO 2003 compared the fluoride release and uptake
characteristics of this cement with a conventional resin reinforced
glass ionomer cement (MultiCure), a polyacid modified composite
resin (UltraBandLock) and a conventional glass ionomer cement
(KetacCem) .

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Composition:
 Fuji Ortho Band (FOB) consists of 2 colored pastes
 The blue paste contains-Fluoroaluminosilicate glass,dimethacrylate
2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate(HEMA)
 The white paste contains-Polyacrylic acid , Distilled water,Silicon
dioxide and an initiator.
 The setting mechanism of FOB involves 2 reactions; an acid base
reaction, similar to that of conventional glass ionomer cement and
the chemical polymerization of HEMA
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 RESIN CEMENTS
Introduction:
Resin cements are used as a luting agent.
Cements are designed for general and specific use.
specific uses are cements for ceramic brackets
CLASSIFICATION:
Filled
Unfilled

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 FILLED RESINS(COMPOSITES)
COMPOSITION
Resin matrix: BisGMA & TEGDMA
Inorganic fillers :Silica
Coupling agentsc: Organosilane,zirconates,titanates
Inhibitor:Hydroquinone
Opacifiers & colouring pigments

MODE OF POLYMERISATION
 Chemical (conventional peroxide –amine induction system)
 Light activation
 Dual cure
 Triple cure

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 PROPERTIES

 Compressive strength : 180 MPa

 Tensile strength : 30 MPa
 Film thickness : 10-25 µ m
 Bond strength to enamel : 7.4 MPa
 Biologic properties : irritating to the pulp
 Solubility : insoluble
 Polymerization shrinkage : high
 Adhesion : micro mechanical
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CHEMICAL ACTIVATED RESINS
 Are supplied in 2 pastes
 Basic paste :contains the initiator Benzoyl peroxide
 Accelerator paste : contains tertiary amine as activator(N-
dimethyl-P-Toluidine)

LIGHT CURABLE RESINS

 Are single component system
 Initiator -Camphoroquinone
 Activator-Diethyl-amino-ethyl methacrylate or diketone
 They are indicated for cementation of thin ceramic prosthesis
 And direct bonding of ceramic and plastic orthodontic brackets

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 DENTURE BASE MATERIALS
ACRYLIC RESINS
They are classified based on the method used for its
activation:
1)Heat activated resins
2)Chemically activated resins
3)Light activated resins

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 HEAT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE
RESINS
Composition:
Liquid-
Methyl methacrylate
Dibutyl phthalate - plasticizer
Glycol dimethacrylate(1-2%)-cross linking agent
Hydroquinone -inhibitor
Powder-
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Benzoyl peroxide -Initiator
Compounds of mercuric sulphides
cadmium sulfide-dyes
Zinc or titanium oxide - opacifier
Dibutyl phthalate -plasticizer
Dyed organic filler
Inorganic particles like
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Glass fibres or beads
 Powder/Liquid ratio:
Polymer-monomer= 3:1 by volume
2:1 by weight
 PHYSICAL SATGES OF POLYMERISATION:
Stage 1:Wet sand stage
Stage 2:Sticky stage
Stage 3:Dough or Gel stage
Stage 4:Rubbery Stage
Stage 5:Stiff
 Working Time:
The working time is the elapsing between stage2 & beginning
of stage 4 ,i.e. the time the material remains in the dough
stage.
According to ADA sp.no.12,dough stage should be moulded for
atleast 5mins
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CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE ACRYLIC RESINS

The chemically activated acrylic resins polymerize at room temperature.They are also
known as ‘Self-curing ‘,’cold-curing’ or ‘autopolymer’resins.

Composition:
Liquid-
Methyl methacrylate
Dimethyl-p- toluidine-Activator
Dibutyl pthalate-plasticizer
Glycol dimethacrylate 1-2%-cross linking agent
Hydroquinone 0.006%-Inhibitor
Powder-
Poly(Methyl methacrylate)
Benzoyl peroxide-initiator
Compounds of mercuric sulfide,
cadmium sulfide-dyes
Zinc or titanium oxide- opacifiers
Dibutyl pthalate-plasticizer
Dyes organic fillers
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 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

 Better initial fit

 Less thermal contraction.
 Colour stability of self cure resins is inferior to heat cure
resins,due to subsequent oxidation of tertiary amines.
 The degress of polymerisation obtained with self curing
acrylics is not as great as with heat cured resins
 For repairing dentures self curing resins are preferable to
heat cured resins as re-curing causes warpage.

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• MANIPULATION:
1)Sprinkle on technique
2)Adapting technique
3)Fluid resin technique
4)Compression moulding technique
5)Injection moulding technique

Fluid Resin Technique(Pour-type acrylic resins) are

significantly used with lower powder- liquid ratio,
ranges from 2:1 to 2.5:1
This aids to prevent undue increase in viscosity during
mixing and pouring stages.
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 LIGHT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE RESINS
• It is supplied in premixed sheets having a clay like
consistency
• It is polymerised in a light chamber(curing unit) with
blue light of 400-500nm from high intensity quartz
halogen bulbs.
• Composition:
-Urethane dimethacrylate matrix
-Acrylic copolymer
-Microfine silica fillers
-Photoinitiator system(camphoroquinone amine
photoinitiator) 77 66
 PROPERTIES OF DENTURE RESINS

 Hardness – heat cured acrylic resins=18-20 KHN

self cured acrylic resins = 16-18KHN

 Volume shrinkage=8%
 Linear shrinkage=0.53%
 Self cured resins have a lower shrinkage(linear shrinkage-0.26%)

 Coefficient of thermal expansion: These materials have very high

coefficient of thermal expansion=81×10-6/⁰C

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 Types of adhesives
• Two basic types of dental resins may be used for
orthodontic bracket bonding.
• Both are polymers & are classified as acrylic or diacrylate
resins .
• Both types of adhesives exist in filled or unfilled forms.
• The acrylic resins based on self curing acrylics and consists
of methyl methacrylate monomer & ultrafine powder,most
Diacrylate resins are based on the acrylic modified epoxy
resin(Bis GMA or Bowen’s resin).
• A fundamental difference is that resins of first type form
linear polymers only.whereas those of the second type
may be polymerised also by cross linking into a 3D
network.This cross linking contributes to greater
strength,lower water absorption &less polymerization
shrinkage. 77 68
NO MIX ADHESIVES:
 No-mix adhesives(eg.Rely-a Bond)& system 1+(Ormco
Corporation)set when one paste under light pressure is brought
together with a primer fluid on the etched enamel & bracket backing
or when another paste on the tooth is to be bonded.
 As soon as the bracket is positioned precisely,the orthodontist
presses the bracket firmly into place & curing occurs,usually within
30-60 second.
 In vitro tests have shown that liquid activators of the no-mix systems
are definitely toxic,allergic reactions have been reported in patients &
the doctors

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2)Light activated adhesives
 The light initiated resins have become the most popular adhesives for
majority of Orthodontists.
 These resins offer the advantage of extended working time.
 Light cured resins used with metal brackets are usually dual cure resins
incorporating light initiators & a chemical catalyst.
3)Fluoride releasing,visible light curing adhesives are also available.
4)Metallic & ceramic brackets precoated with light cured composite are also
available.Such brackets have consistent quality of adhesive,reduced
flash,reduced waste,mproved cross infection control,&adequate bond
strength
Recently,some precoated brands are provided with a colour change adhesive
for easier & more thorough flash clean up.

LIGHT SOURCES-
 Conventional & fast halogen lights
 Argon lasers
 Plasma arc lights
 Light emitting diodes 77 70
 ELASTICS
 Intra oral elastics play a mojar role in most forms of
fixed appliances.
 There are 3 basic applications of intra oral elastics.
1)To align the maxillary dentition with the mandibular
dentition to aid in achievement of proper occlusion
while sagitally correcting any centric relation/centric
occlusion discrepancy.
2)To correct cross bites &midline
discrepancy(Transverse).
3)To help finalise the occlusion at the end of the
treatment.

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Classification of elastics:
According to material:
1)Latex elastics
2)Synthetic elastics
Latex free elastics
According to their use:
1)Extra oral elastics: used in extra oral mechanic system.They hook
from facebow to cervical strap(cervical head gear)or from facebow
to high pull strap(high pull head gear).These elastics produce 14
ounces force % are 1.5” diameter. Extra oral elastics

2)Intra oral elastics:

ClassI elastics/horizontal elastics/intramaxillary elastics/intra arch
elastics
Class II elastics/intermaxillary elastics/inter arch elastics
Class III elastics
Midline elastics
Box elastics
Trapezoidal elastics Intra oral elastics
Traingualr elastics
Cross bite elastics
Zig Zag elastics
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Patient co-operation:
 An advantage of elastics is that patients find it easier to accept forces
than head gear or functional appliance forces.
 There is a definite co-relation between the number of hours the
elastics are worn and the amount of dental movement that takes
place.
 Elastics need to be worn nearly 24hours a day.especially during the
first months of use,otherwise a rebound effect takes place.
 Often patient wears elastic & respond well to the therapy.Depending
upon the severity of the case,the dental problem will be corrected in
1 to 3 appointments ,then the patient will wear elastics for 12hours
per day to maintain the new dental positions.

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ELASTIC SPECIFICATIONS:
 The Vari-Simplex Discipline has reduced the number of different types of elastics
which are used.A great number of different elastics sizes are manufactured by
various companie.
 The elastic used for Class II dental correction is a ¼ inch,6 ounce elastic.It is
attached to the mandibular second molar & maxillary lateral incisor in a non-
extraction cases.The same elastics are used for midline corrections.
 Crossbite elastics are 3/16i1/2nch,6 ounces.
 Vari-simplex Class III alastics are 1/4inch,3-1/2 ounces.
 Anterior up & down elastics,depending upon where they are attached,might be ¼
inch,6 ounces, 0r 3/16inch, 6 ounces.
 Triangular elastics are usually 1/8 inch,3-1/2 ounce.
 The Vari-Simplex elastics used for finishing procedures is a 3/4inch,2 ounce elastic.

Elastics will fatigue within a twelve hour period.Therefore,the patient is

asked to change them early morning & evening.If elastics are
changed too often,they do not seem to be as effective.
77 74
 CONCLUSION
 Till date many materials were introduced in
the field of orthodontics, each one having its
own advantages and disadvantages.
 Newer materials are being introduced to
overcome the problem and improve the
standards.
 They become commercially available with
the object of assessing their suitability for
use in clinical orthodontics.

77 75
 References:

Phillip’s--Science of dental materials(Anusavice)

Brantley--Structures & Properties of Orthodontic
Materials
Graber & Vanarsdall--Orthodontics:Current
principles & Techniques.
D-tech—Orthodontic Catalogue 2009
Alexander Discipline

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THANK YOU

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