COMPONENTS OF

ACADEMIC AND
PROFESSIONAL WRITING
CONTEXT

- REFERS TO THE SITUATION WHERE PROFESSIONAL WRITING IS PERFORMED.

IT INCLUDES THE PEOPLE INVOLVED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PEOPLE
INVOLVED IN THE COMMUNICATION, TIME AND PLACE, AND SOME POSSIBLE
INTERFERENCES.

message

- REFERS TO THE CONTENT OF YOUR DOCUMENT. IT INCLUDES THE MAIN TOPIC

AND THE DETAILS THAT SUPPORT IT. THESE DETAILS MAY BE IN THE FORM OF
FACTS, STATISTICS, TESTIMONIES, AND OBSERVATION

LANGUAGE

- REFERS TO THE CHANNEL USED TO CONVEY THE MESSAGE. IT CAN EITHER BE

VISUAL OR TEXTUAL, FORMAL OR INFORMAL, VERBAL OR NON-VERBAL.
PURPOSE
YOUR PAPER WILL LACK RELEVANCE IF IT DOES NOT HAVE A PURPOSE
=PURPOSE IS THE REASON OR MOTIVE THAT YOU WHEN COMMUNICATING. IT
ALSO HELPS YOU DETERMINE THE REACTIONS YOU WANT TO ELICIT FROM
YOUR TARGET AUDIENCE.

AUDIENCE
IS THE RECEIVER OF THE MESSAGE.IT CAN EITHER BE PRIMARY ( I.E.,THE
DIRECT RECEIVER OF YOUR DOCUMMENT ) OR SECONDARY (I.E., THE
INDIRECT RECEIVER OF YOUR DOCUMENT ).

PRODUCT
REFERS TO THE OUTPUT THAT YOU INTEND TO PRODUCE AFTER
CONSIDERING ALL THE OTHER COMPONENTS.
ACADEMIC WRITING PROFESSIONAL
WRITING

ACADEMIC ESSAY, THESIS, INSTRUCTIONAL

DISSERTATION, LIBRARY MANUALS,
RESEARCH, SPECIFICATION,
COURSEWORK, REACTION BROCHURE, BUSINESS
PAPER, BOOK REVIEW, CORRESPONDENCE
LITERATURE REVIEW, (LETTER AND MEMO),
RESEARCH REPORT, BUSINESS AND
PROJECT PROPOSAL, TECHNICAL REORT.
POSITION PAPER.
ACADEMIC WRITING
IS A TYPE OF WRITING PRODUCED BY STUDENTS IN AN
ACADEMIC SETTING. ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO INFORM AND
PERSUADE, NOT TO ENTERTAIN. THE MOST COMMON TYPES
OF ACADEMIC WRITING INCLUDE ACADEMIC ESSAYS, BOOK
REVIEWS, LITERATURE REVIEW, RESEARCH REPORTS,
PROJECT PROPOSALS, POSITION PAPERS, AND REACTIONN
PAPERS.
COMPARE TO OTHERS FORMS OF WRITING,ACADEMIC WRITING IS IMPERSONAL AND
FORMAL.IT IS IMPORMAL BECAUSE IT USUALLY USES THE THIRD PERSON PERSPECTIVE AND
DOES NOT HAVE A DIRECT REFERENCES TO PERSONS AND FEELINGS.IT IS FORMAL BECAUSE
IT STRICTLY ADHERES TO FORMAL ENGLISH AND AVOIDS WORD CONTRACTION(E.G.,DON’T,
SHOUDN’T.).HOWEVER,THESE TWO MAY NOT BE ENOUGH TO ENSURE THAT A TEXT USES
AN ACADENIC TONE.
-YOU ALSO NEED TO BUILD A WIDE-RANGING,FIELD-SPECIFIC VOCABULARY.THIS REFERS TO
THE SPECIALIZED WORDS THAT ARE EXCLUSIVE TO A SPECIFIC FIELD TO STUDY SUCH AS
PSYCHOLOGY,MEDICINE,LINGUISTICS,AND SCIENCES.FINALLY,YOU NEED TO CONSIDER THE
STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS.
-IN TERMS OF MECHANICS,MAKE SURE TO FOLLOW THE GUIDELINES FOR LANGUAGE USE
AND MECHANICS IN WELL-WRITTEN TEXTS.ASIDE FROM THIS,CITATION AND REFERENCING
ARE ALSO TWO ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF ANY ACADEMIC WRITING.THE TYPE OF
DOCUMENTATION STYLE(E.G,.APA,MLA,IEEE,CHICAGO,HARVARD)THAT YOU WILL USE
DEPENDS ON THE POLICY OF YOUR SCHOOL.
 GENERAL TIPS IN WRITING ACADEMIC TEXTS
-ASIDE FROM THE GENERAL TECHNIQUES
DISCUSSED ABOVE ,THE FOLLOWING ARE MORE
TIPS IN WRITING ACADEMIC TEXTS.
1.FOLLOW THE BASICS IN THE WRITING PROCESS.
A.BE CLEAR WITH THE ASSIGNMENT OR PROMPT.
B.ANALYZE THE CONTEXT OF WRITING
C.HAVE A CLEAR PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE IN MIND.
D.MAKE YOUR THESIS EVIDENT.
E.STAY FOCUSSED ON YOUR TOPIC;ELIMINATE UNNECESSARY DETAILS.
F.READ SOME ACADEMIC TEXTS THAT USE A RHETORICAL PATTERNTHAT IS SIMILAR TO THE
ONE YOU ARE WRITING
G.MAKE SURE YOU USE SUFFICIENT COHESIVE DEVICES.HOWEVER,BE CAREFUL NOT TO
OVERUSE TRANSITIONAL DEVICES.
H. AVOID WORDINESS AND REDUNDANCIES.
I. USE BRAINSTORMING
STRATEGIES(LISTING,FREE
WRITING,CLUSTERING)TO OVERCOME WRITERS
BLOCK.
J. EDIT AND PROOFREAD YOUR WORK.
2.USE QUATATION SPARINGLY.PARAPHRASE INFORMATION AS MUCH AS
POSSIBLE.
DON’T DO
-THE CLAIM THAT A CHILD’S WASHBURNE ASSERTED THAT THE
DEVELOPMENT MUST BE ALLOWED HUMAN CHILD IS COMPLEX AND
TO PROGRESS ACCORDINGLY IS THEREFORE CANNOT BE
SUPPORTED BY WASHBURNE’S PROGRAMMED WITH THE
ASSERTION:”[S]OME CHILDREN COMPLETE STRUCTURE AT
DEVELOP EARLIER THAN OTHER,BUT BIRTH{1907).THIS ASSERTION
TOO EARLY DEVELOPMENT IS TO BE SUPPORTS THE CLAIM THAT A
REGRETTED…..FISKE HAS PROVED TO CHILDS DEVELOPMENT CANNOT BE
US THAT THE REASON WHY THE HURRIED AND MUST BE ALLOWED
HUMAN YOUNG IS SO FAR MORE TO PROGRESS ACCORDINGLY.
HELPLESS AND DEPENDENT THAN
THE YOUNG OF ANY OTHER SPECIES
IS BECAUSE THE ACTIVITIES OF THE
HUMAN RACE HAVE BECOME SO
MANY,SO WIDELY VARIED,AND SO
COMPLEX,THAT THEY COULD NOT FIX
THEMSELVES IN THE NERVOUS
STRUCTURE BEFORE BIRTH.”
3.AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, AVOID USING AN
IMPERATIVE TONE.
DON’T
Remember the objectives presented in
this introduction, as these are
instrumental to the analysis of the
results in the second experiment.
DO
The objectives presented in this
introduction are instrumental to the
analysis of the result in the second
experiment.
 DON’T
Harper Lee’s book, To Kill a
Mockingbird,” clearly illustrates the
struggle “colored” people underwent
during the early 20th century and how
RECIAL INEQUALITY proved
DETRIMENTAL TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF
JUSTICE.
DO DO
Harper Lee’s book, to kill a Mockingbird,
clearly illustrates the struggle colored
people underwent during the early 20th
century and how racial inequality proved
detrimental to the achievement of
justice.
5.BE CONSISTENT WITH THE TYPE OF ENGLISH YOU USE. IF
YOU USE BRITISH ENGLISH, STICK TO IT AND DO NOT SHIFT TO
AMERICAN ENGLISH.
DON’T DO
• Harper Lee’s book, “To Kill a Mockingbird, “ • Harper Lee’s book, “To Kill a Mockingbird,”
clearly illustrates how colored people agonized clearly illustrates how colored people agonized
under racial injustice during the early 20th under racial injustice during the early 20th
century and how even in a relatively civilized century and how even in a relatively time, white
time, white people’s worth was still aggrandized. people’s worth was still aggrandized.
• 6. PLAN WISELY. ALLOT AMPLE TIME IN PREPARING YOUR WRITING
ASSIGNMENT.

• PROFESSIONAL WRITING
• Is any type of written communication done specifically in a professional context; it is most often
applied in business and technical writing. Similar to academic writing, its main purpose is to inform
and persuade readers. Professional writing may involve private businesses, government
corporations and offices, and academic institutions which produce online and offline documents
that aim to communicate information to a particular audience. Some of the most common examples
are business and technical reports, as well as business correspondences.
• Compared to academic writing, professional writing uses business English and a more personal
tone. This means that professional writing can use the first and second person points of view (e.g. I
and you ). Although professional writing is more personal, it does not mean that you can use
personal anecdotes, jokes, and colloquial expressions. Professional writing addresses a particular
need, follows a standard structure and format, and conveys business and technical content to a
specific audience. It is also objective, unemotional, accurate, concise, and straightforward.
• In terms of the mechanics, professional writing bars the use of emoticons, it does not require a
great numbers of citations; few relevant ones may be sufficient.
 GENERAL TIPS IN WRITING PROFESSIONALS
TEXTS
1.FOLLOW THE BASICS OF THE WRITING PROCESS.
a) Be clear with your purpose and target reader.
b) Consider the context of writing the document.
c) Organize your ideas using cohesive devices.
d) Avoid wordiness and redundancies; be direct to the point and avoid unnecessary details.
e) Be objective and factual with your message.
f) Use brainstorming strategies (listing, free writing, clustering ) to over come writer’s block.
You may also confer with your colleagues or friends to give you some insights on how to
write a document.
g) Edit, edit, edit: eliminate all grammatical and typographical errors as much as possible.
Otherwise, the target reader may create an unfavorable impression of you.
2. ANTICIPATE THE READERS’ BELIEFS, VALUES, MOTIVATION,
AND POSSIBLE ABJECTION ESPECIALLY WHEN WRITING
PERSUASIVE DOCUMENTS SUCH AS PROPOSALS.
Don’t Do
• The proposal is good and has various gains, and • When viewed from a business perspective, the
so should be approved and implemented. proposal can be seen as a large risk for the
company, but its gains and high probability of
success easily allay this concern.
3. ADJUST YOUR LANGUAGE BASED ON YOUR RELATIONSHIP
WITH THE RECEIVER OF THE DOCUMENT
Don’t
• Receiver: CEO
• The attrition report of the quarter shows that a
total of 39 employees voluntarily left the
company, which is a big number, to be honest.
This is new record for the company, and a good
one.
Do
• Receiver: CEO
• The attrition report for the quarter shows that a
total of 39 employees voluntarity left the
company. In the history of the company, this
quarter saw the largest number of separted
employees.
4. STUDY THE FORMAT USED BY YOUR ORGANIZATION AND INCORPORATE IT IN YOUR WRITING. HOWEVER, YOU MAY USE
OTHER FORMATS BWHICH YOU THINK ARE APPROPRIATE.

5.AVOID EXCESSIVE FONT EFFECTS SUCH AS BOLDFACE, UNDERLINES, AND ITALICS.

Don’t
• For this year, the productivity report shows that
we garnered a client satisfaction average of
89.9%, marking a 3.3% increase from last year’s
86.3%.
• For this year, the productivity report shows that
we garnered a client satisfaction average of
89.6%, marking a 3.3% increase from last year’s
86.3%.
6. BE CONSISTENT WITH THE TYPE OF ENGLISH YOU USE . IF YOU USE BRITISH ENGLISH , STICK TO
IT AND DO NOT SHIFT TO AMERICAN ENGLISH .

Don’t
• It is recognized that the staff’s attendance for
the month of July , which characterized by
frequent instances of absences and tardiness , is
primarily cause by typhoons and traffic jams in
the city .
Do
• It is recognized that the staff attendance for the
month of July , which is characterized by
frequent instances of absences and tardiness , is
primarily caused by typhoons and traffic jams in
the city .