Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GEOMETRY
-VANITA THAKKAR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
BABARIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VARNAMA,
VADODARA.
SOLAR ENERGY
• Sun is the basic source of
Energy for Earth.
• Solar Energy is available in
the form of Electromagnetic
• Radiations.
hot isgases,
Sun heat ofbeing
a large sphere very
generated by the various
fusion reactions in it.
•
Diameter of Sun = 1.39 x 106
• Diameter
km. of Earth = 1.2 x
104 km. 7
• Sun subtends an angle of
only 32' at Earth's surface
(because of large distance
between them.) VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT,
VARNAMA
SOLAR ENERGY
• The direct I beam
radiation received from
the Sun on the earth is
almost parallel.
• Brightness of the Sun
varies from its centre to
its edge, however, for
engineering calculations,
it is assumed to be
uniform over the entire
solar disc.
VANITAN. BIT.
THAKKAR VARNAMA
SOLAR ENERGY
• The sun generates an
enormous amount of
energy - approximately
1. x 1020 kilowatt•
hours eve second.
1
ry
(A kilowatt-hour is
the amount of energy
needed to power a
100 watt light bulb
for ten hours.)
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
SOLAR ENERGY ON EARTH
• The earth's outer atmosphere intercepts
about one two-billionth of the energy
generated by the sun, or about 1500
quadrillion (1.5 x 101 ) kilowatt-hours per
year. 8
• Due to Reflection, Scattering, and
Absorption by gases and aerosols in the
atmosphere, however, only 47°/ of this, or
approximately 700 quadrilliono (7 x 1017 )
kilowatt-hours per year, reaches the surface
of the earth. VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA 5
THAKKAR
SOLAR ENERGY ON EARTH (contd.}
• In the earth's atmosphere, solar radiation is received :
- directly (Direct Radiation) and
- by diffusion in air, dust, water, etc., contained in the
atmosphere (Diffuse Radiation).
• Global radiation = Direct Radiation + Diffuse
Radiation.
• The amount of incident energy per unit area and day
depends on a number of factors,
e.g. :
- Solar Radiation Geometry, which includes Solar
Angles, Locational or Geographical factors
and
Season I Time of the year.
- Local climate.
- Inclination of the collectin~ surface in the direction of
the sun. VANIT N.
THAKKAR
BIT,VARNAMA 6
EARTH'S ROTATION
• The term Earth's rotation refers to North Pole
the spinning of Earth on its axis.
• Due to rotation, the Earth's surface
moves at the equator at a speed of
about 467 m per second or slightly
over 1675 km per hour.
• One rotation takes exactly twenty•
four hours and is called a mean A line that bisects areas on
solar day. the Earth receiving sunlight
• The Earth's rotation is responsible for and those areas in darkness.
the daily cycles of day and night - Cuts the spherical Earth into
i.e. at any moment in time, one half
'------::>"" lightedand dark halves.
of the Earth is in sunlight, while the iiiiiiiiii=miiiiiii... ~
• other half isdividing
The edge in darkness.
the from,,,,
daylight
night rs called the .•
illumination. circle
• The Earth's rotation also creates the
apparent movement of the Sun
7
across the horizon.
South Pole
VANITA N. BIT,
THAKKAR VARNAMA
EARTH'S ROTATION (contd.}
,J
• The orbit of the Earth around the Sun is called an Earth revolution.
•
This celestial motion takes 365.26 days to complete one cycle.
•
• Earth's orbit around the Sun is not circular, but oval or elliptica.l
An elliptical orbit causes the Earth's distance from the Sun to vary over
a year. Yet, this phenomenon is not responsiblefor the Earth's
seasons!
• This variation in the distance from the Sun causes the amount of solar
radiation received by the Earth to annually vary by about 6°/o.
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT. VARNAMA 9
POSITIONS IN EARTH'S REVOLUTION
Figure shows a side view of the Earth in its orbit about the Sun on four important
dates: June solstice, September equinox, December solstice, and March
equinox.
Angle of the Earth's axis in to the Ecliptic Plane and the North Star
on these four dates remainsrelation
unchanged.
14
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
SOLISTICE AND EQUINOX (contd.)
and
cuts South Pole. Pole
fi Su
21122
is m 24 of darkness
hours
during
the December VANITAN. THAKKAR 16
solstice.
SOLISTICE
• On June 21 or 22 (also called the summer solstice in Northern
Hemisphere) Earth is positioned in its orbit so that North Pole is
leaning 23.5° toward the Sun : All locations north of the
have day lengths greater than twelve hours, while all locations
equator
south of the equator have day lengths less than twelve hours.
• On December 21 or 22 (also called the winter solstice in Northern
Hemisphere), Earth is positioned so that South Pole is leaning 23.5
degrees toward the Sun : All locations of the equator have
day
northlengths less than twelve hours, while all locations south of the
equator have day lengths exceeding twelve hours.
SUN
EQUINOX
• On September 22 or 23, also called the autumnal
equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, neither pole is tilted
toward or away from the Sun.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, March 20 or 21 marks the
arrival of the vernal equinox or spring once again
the poles are not tilted toward or away from the Sun.
when
• Day lengths on both of these days, regardless of
latitude, are exactly 12 hours.
EARTH'S REVOLUTION
24
ATTENUATION OF SOLAR
RADIATION
Reflected Solar Incoming Outgoing
Radia1ion 3"2 Solar Lon~wav
Radiation e
10TWm~ 3"2Wm4 Radr•tion
Reflected by Cloud•, 235 Wm4
Aerosol and
Emitted by
Atmospheric Gain Atmosphere 40
77
Atmospheric
Emitted by Clouds,-.....L
1 Window
Absorbed by
87 Atmosphere ..._
Greenhouse
I
Gases
t
350 324
Back
R•dl8
310 tlon
M 71 lurfllce
S2
.,.,,.,.. Rl••kln Allsacb1d bJ
11 Evspo 4
VANITAN. BIT.
lu1rtrfi11eeCii"'-.-.J
THAKKAR VARNAMA 25
aa
w2
SOLAR RADIATION GEOMETRY
90 (+) 90 180
150
9 9
Equator ~~..,.. ..... --- o 0 0Ea
1~_,.._,._........,. West
st
(-) (+)
30
90 90 0
South P
Microsoft (-) ri
Illustration m
Latitude along with the longitudeindicatesthee position
m 28
of any point on earth. e
VANITAN. BIT.
THAKKAR VARNAMA ri
di
a
DECLINATION (8)
Declination (B :
Angular distance) of the
sun's rays north or
south of the equator.
It the angle between a
is extending from
line centre of Sun to
centre
the of Earth and the
projection of this line
upon Earth's Equatorial
Plane.
It is due to tilt of
Earth's axis an it
varies between d23.5 On Equinoxes, Declination =0
(Summer Solstice ° :
June 22) to - It is
given by :
(Winte Solstice23.5°:
+
~----°"-~~~~~~~~~~~~
rDecember 22).
0 = 23.45° -sin [~~~0 • (N
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA 284)]
29
DECLINATION (8) (contd.)
23.45 -
s
O
-c
Ir-----------'----------_,._
-·
.necI 0
> Da of
2e y Year
-
~
- 4 -
23 5 I I I I
Autumn Wint Vern Summ A
al er al er u
Equin Solst Equi Solistlc t
ox ice nox
The variation in the declination angle ethroughoutmu the year.
VANITAN THAKKA BIT.
. R VARNAMA n
a
l
DECLINATION (8) (contd.)
Declination
Angle (o) '.iq:i
2l
& E '
.,
F •I =
...
I
•
-~
_\-~
\
.• --- - .._,.....
... ,
.».: - _,_
>r- June ll
3
1
VANITAN THAKKA BIT,
. R VARNAMA
REMEMBER : EARTH'S REVOLUTION
..·········":'. ..·········~··
.
.
. .
..········:··
. .······ -
. . ............
.
.
..
.. -.
~ :: :::: :
o ' ' '
.
'
.
.
o o '
········
... . .. :
.
. .
: :
Q) :
. .. .
' . . . :
E 5 •••••••• ..;. •• ••••••• ,;••••••••••
.. , •••••••••
·-:·· ·······-:···. ·······:··· ..
·~ •••••••••
.
.:,••••••• ··•······ ••• ·l ••••••••••
...............
-
. .
. . . ..
; ••••••••• ,; •• ••••••I •••••••••. ; • ••••••••y • ••
. . .
i .:
. . .
0 ..!:
c:
: ' . : .
-.
o+---+---1----+--~---+-~~--+---+--+-<>----+---+---+---\+-
I
.2- . . . .
E
. . . . . .
. .
. . .
······r····· ~ ; ~ ..;. •·····. ····•
.···· .:·········-
. ;
. .; .
i -~
.
.
-
l
.
~ ~ ~ j ~
·15
······
········
········-'.· ···
···r·····
1
{· · ····
~ ~
i·········r·······
11 ~ ~
·t ········· ·>· • · · · · · · · { ··········I··········}·· ·······-:-
.. . . . . . . ..
········I··········~ ··········:··· ·······~····
-20 +-~~+-~~-+-~~-+~~-+~~-+~~--+~~~>--~~+-~~+-~~+-~~-+-~~-+~~-I-' ..
.
.
.
. ~. ··
··· ······
. .
. .
,,, ,
~~~ ~ ~ ~~
·····
~~~~~~~~~~~
~ # # '''''''~~~
~~~ ~~~ ~~~
36
Important Note :
Hour Angle, r = 15 (12 - LST)
o VANITAN THAKKA
. R
BIT, VARNAMA 37
PROBLEM - 1:
Determine Hour Angle for : 09:00 AM,
11 :00 02:00 PM, 04:30 PM
AM,
SOLUTION:
Hour Angle, ro =15 (12 - LST)
09:00 AM : 15(12 - 9) = 45°
co=
11 : AM 15(12 - 11) = 15°
00 : co
:
PM = 15(12 - 14) = -30°
02:00 co=
04:30 AM 15(12 - 16.5) = -67.5° 38
co =
THAKKAR
PROBLEM - 2:
s ------
- --
--------------- --- ------------------------- ------ N
---- ·-
Position of
--------- /
'
· I
II
I
he observer
I
Apparent ---::::~LI _J
sun path /
I Norma to
I
I
...,__ .... lsurface P
at
E
Altitude Angle or Solar Altitude
' (a) : Vertical angle between the
projection of Sun's rays on the horizontal plane on Earth'
surface and the direction of Sun's s
ray. at solar noon.
The altitude angle a is maximum 41
VANITAN. BIT.
THAKKAR VARNAMA
ZENITH ANGLE (82)
Sun
W;
I
I I Horizontal
I
plane
I
/
I
s
- - --
-------- ---------------- --- ------------------------- ------ N
--- · / osition of
------ - . /
I
I
he observer
Apparent /
sun path I
I I
ez
...._ Normal to
Tt/ - a
I
I
I surface at P
E 2
Zenith Angle (8z : Complimentaryangle of =Solar Altitude
'
Angle, i.e. )
Vertical angle between Sun's rays and a line perpendicular
to the horizontalplane thoughthe point, i.e. 42
Angle between the beam from the sun and the vertica.l
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
SOLAR AZIMUTH ANGLE (y5)
I
I
I Horizontal
plane
I
/ I'
'
L
- --
s ------- --------------- --------------- ------ N
----·- -- ·- ----
/ Positio of
Apparent
·'
II
I
/
nhe observer
Solar Azimuth
I
Angle (y5)
sun path I
I
I Norma to
I i.-_. surface
l at P
I
3. q~~
cos ez =cos cl cos 0) cos 0 +sin~;cl> 0 1••
0)
SLOPE (s)
Slope (s) : Angle Slope (s)
made by t plane
surface h the
horizontal. e
It is :
+ve : for wsurfaces
slopping i towards
South t
-ve : for hsurfaces
slopping towards
North.
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8)
When Tilted Surfaces are involved :
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (0) : Angle between Sun rays
and normal to surface under consideration.
Norma to surfac
l e
su
n
Surface eart 46
VANITA N.
THAKKAR
on BIT,
VARNAMA
h
SURFACE AZIMUTH ANGLE (y)
N
For Tilted I
Surfaces suRFAcE »;
I
Sun /
AZIMUTH
/ ''
''
/
/
SURFACE ANGLE
(y)
AZIMUTH
(y : H .
.,....-'
ANGLE A ) 0 f ane
onz.ontai~
of the Di
ng Ie
normal to the Norma to
Vertical
thewau--
l
deviation from the
surface wall
local meridian, s
It is angle between the normal to the surface and south.
For south-facing surface, y =
For west-facing surface,
0. y = and so on. 47
East-ward : 90°:
West-ward VANITA N. BIT, VARNAMA
Slope
Declination Latitude Surface
Azimuth Hour Angle 48
Angle
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8) FOR
VERTICAL SURFACES :
For Vertical Surfaces :
=0
Slope, s = 90°
So, from Equation (i) :
cos 0 = sin +
sins +cos cl>1
1(sin. o + os o cos 'Y cos
......s
. s ro os sro sin o '
SI OS 8 Sin 'Y
(cos ro In Y
cos cos
Sin
=
=>cos 0 e sln 1<1 cos cosy cos
>1
- sin cosy co
o
cos
+
<1>1
o
sin y sin c ••••••• (ii) BIT, VARNAMA
49
o .
VANITAN. THAKKAR
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8) FOR
HORIZONTAL SURFACES :
For Horizontal Surfaces :
Slope, s = 0°, Zenith Angle 0z 0
So, from Equation (i) : = =
cos 0 = sin +
sins +cos
cos s + cos
1
os
(cos cos co os s - sin
cos co
'
1
o 'Y
sinos + s sin y sin c sin s Y
(sin
+ o 1 o
o cos
Hence, cos 0
=0
m <1
>1
sin + cos <1
>1
cos o
=a. o (iii)
i.e.
coscos = =sin
co 0 cos e e sln a.
VANJTAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
50
z
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8) FOR
SURFACES FACING SOUTH :
For Surfaces facing due south :
Surface Azimuth Angle, y =
So, from Equation0°,(i) :
=1
-
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8) FOR
VERTICAL SURFACES FACING SOUTH :
For Vertical Surfaces facing due south :
Surface Azimuth Angle, =
0°, slope, s -
=
0
(v)
VANITA N. BIT,
sin o
THAKKAR VARNAMA 52
DAY LENGTH
At the time of sunrise or sunset, the Zenith angle,
<l>z =
Substituting
goo. this in equation (iii) obtained earlier :
cos e sin <1>1 sin + cos <1 cos o cos c
>1
= =sin a o o
Sun Rise Hour(=
Angle
0) (ID sL
-
cos IDs = -(sin <I> sin <I> o)
o)
~COS IDs = - (tan <j> I (cos cos
~IDs= COS-1(- tan tan 0) 0)
<j> tan {Vi) 53
VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA
THAKKAR
DAY LENGTH (contd.)
.
R
THANKS!!
Contact : vanitaa.thakkar@gmail.com