Notes summarized by:

Chona Pajarillo-Agustin, DPA

Associate Professor 1
 GLOBALIZATION
 viewed as primarily an economic
process that affects the integration of
national products to the world
markets
 refers to the continuing integration of
technological processes to many
countries and the uprising of business
from the developed, developing and
under develop countries.
 refers to the development of global or
worldwide business activities,
competition and markets and the
increasing global interdependence of
national economies
 the process by which the world,
previously isolated through physical
and technological distance, becomes
increasingly interconnected.
the process of intensification of
economic, political, social and
cultural relations across
international boundaries which
principally aimed at the
transcendental homogenization of
political and socio-economic
theory across the globe.
 process of growing exchange,
interaction and integration between
people, governments and private
organizations across the globe.
International trade, capital flows,
migration, technological transfer
and cultural exchanges are some of
the typical manifestations of this
process
it represents the global integration
of international trade, investment,
information technology and
cultures
equated with progress and
economic growth and generally
supported.
 the expansion (both the creation of
new social networks and the
multiplication of existing connections
that cut across traditional political,
economic, cultural , and geographic
boundaries) and intensification
(expansion , stretching and acceleration
of these networks)of social relations
and consciousness across world-time
and across world-space--Manfred Steger
 PHILOSOPHIES OF
GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization is about the Liberalization and Global
Integration of Markets.
 This is anchored in the neo-liberal idea of the self-
regulating market as the normative basis for a future
global order. According to this, the vital functions of
the free market- its rationality and efficiency , as well
as its alleged ability to bring about greater social
integration and material progress -can only be
realized in a democratic society that values and
protects individual freedom. (Steger, 2005)
  Globalization is Inevitable and
Irreversible

 According to the market-globalist,

globalization reflects the spread of
irreversible market forces driven by
technological innovations that make the
global integration of national economies
inevitable.(Steger, 2005)
  Nobody is in Charge of Globalism

 Globalization hinges on the classical liberal

concept of the “self-regulating market”.
According to Rebert Hormats (1998) vice
chairman of Goldman Sachs International,
the great beauty of globalization is that no
one is in control. The great beauty of
globalization is not controlled by any
individual, any government, any institution
(Steger, 2005).
 Globalization benefits everyone in the long
run.

 This lies at the heart of market globalism

which is unpacked on in material terms
such as economic growth and prosperity. In
terms of the globalism concept, it taps not
only liberalism progressive worldview, but
also draws on the powerful socialist vision
of establishing economic paradise on earth
(Steger, 2005).
 Globalization Furthers the Spread
of Democracy in the World

 This links ‘globalization’ and ‘markets”

to the concept of democracy which
plays a significant role in liberalism ,
conservatism, and socialism. Globalist
tend to treat freedom, free markets,
free trade and democracy as
synonymous terms.
 According to Francis Fukuyama (2000) ‘
there exist a clear correlation between
country’s level of economic development
and successful democracy”. Though it is
true that globalization and capital
development do not automatically create
democracies, Fukuyama believe that the
“level of economic development resulting
from globalization is conducive to the
creation of complex civil societies with a
powerful middle class which facilitates
democracy”. (Steger, 2005:32)
CHARACTERISTICS/FEATURES OF GLOBALIZATION
 An increase in imports and exports
 Growing importance on MNCs
 Increased foreign investments
 Increased movement of labour
 Increase in capital transfers across
national borders
 Globalization of technology
 Increased in tourism
 Global interdependence
 ELEMENTS OF GLOBALIZATION
A. GLOBALIZATION OF MARKETS

-refers to the merging of historically

distinct and separate national
markets into one huge global
marketplace
(Ex: same products offering
worldwide like McDonald’s,
Starbucks, Cars, Computer software)
 B. GLOBALIZATION OF
PRODUCTION

-outsourcing (hiring other

companies to do some of their
work) of productive activities to
different suppliers results in the
creation of products that are
global in nature
 C. FALLING BARRIERS TO TRADE
AND INVESTMENT

-A government imposed restriction on the free

international exchange of goods or services.

Trade barriers are generally classified as:

a. import policies reflected in tariffs and other

import charges, quotas, import licensing,
customs practices,
b. standards, testing, labeling, and various types
of certification
c. direct procurement by
government
d. subsidies for local exporters
e. lack of copyright protection
f. restrictions on franchising,
licensing, technology transfer
g. restrictions on foreign direct
investment
D. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

-technological changes have

achieved advances in
communication, information
processing, and transportation
technology, including the internet
MAJOR TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
Economic
Cultural
Political
Financial
Technological
Ecological
sociological
 WHAT ARE THE PROS OF
GLOBALIZATION?
 IT ENCOURAGES FREE TRADE.
Without borders in place, consumers can
purchase items from anywhere in the
world at a reduced cost. There would be
fewer barriers in place, like tariffs, sales
taxes, or subsidies because there wouldn’t
be nations in place that could add
restrictions. That goes away with true
globalization, which means free trade will
be encouraged.
 MORE TRADE MEANS THE POTENTIAL
FOR MORE JOBS.

When there are fewer barriers in place to

purchase items, then consumers will generally
purchase more things. This creates the
foundation that businesses need to create
more jobs. Globalization with free trade
increases competition as well, which means
innovation must be part of the equation.
Consumers benefit from that innovation with
lower pricing, which means more products
can be purchased, and that can stimulate
further growth.
  IT ELIMINATES CURRENCY
MANIPULATION.

With globalization, countries no

longer have a need to manipulate
their currencies to obtain price
advantages, so it is the consumer
who can benefit from the
outcome.
  OPEN BORDERS MEAN MORE
OPPORTUNITIES TO DEVELOP POOR
AREAS OF THE WORLD.

Through the process of globalization,

the removal of borders allows the
people in these areas to experience
greater prosperity because each area
gains the ability to access what they
need.
  BUSINESS TAX HAVENS GO
AWAY IN GLOBALIZATION.

Through the process of globalization,

the tax havens go away because the
borders go away.
  IT ALLOWS FOR OPEN LINES OF
COMMUNICATION.

When borders are removed, people have

the ability to communicate with one
another more freely. There is a greater
intermingling of cultures, which allows
people to have a greater perspective
about the world. When we have access to
more information, we have an ability to
make better decisions.
 IT COULD STOP THE ISSUE OF LABOR
EXPLOITATION.

One of the ways that goods are produced

cheaply in the world today is because of labor
exploitation. This can be seen with child labor,
prisoner labor, and human trafficking. Workers
are further exploited through the implementation
of unsafe working conditions because they may
have entered a country illegally and face jail time
or worse if they report on their conditions. By
opening borders, it becomes possible to open
business activities, thereby removing the need of
a black market for cheap goods or services.
  IT LIMITS THE POTENTIAL FOR
ABUSE BECAUSE THERE ARE FEWER
STRUCTURES IN PLACE.
The levels of accountability that can be in
place to stop these abuses are usually
implemented at the leisure of those who are
in charge. That is how dictators can come
into power and then stay in power.
Globalization limits those structures and
introduces a global system of accountability,
creating a safety net which could potentially
stop violent conflicts before they start.
CONS OF GLOBALIZATION
 IT GENERALLY MAKES THE RICH
BECOME RICH AND THE POOR TO
BECOME MIRED IN POVERTY.
Globalization is supposed to be about free trade, but
the reality of the situation is that only true
globalization which removes national borders can do
this. Under our current planetary structure, there are
value-added taxes that can exceed 20% for some
countries, which limits the access that people have
to imported products. This means the rich can
access what they want or need to become richer, but
the poor get trapped in poverty because they don’t
have the means to access success.
 JOBS GET TRANSFERRED TO LOWER-
COST AREAS.

Jobs can be created through globalism, but

they tend to be created in the areas where
labor costs are the cheapest. Even in a
world that is completely without borders,
the cost of doing business is going to be
cheaper in some areas than in others.
Businesses will transfer or create jobs in
these low-cost areas so they can remain
competitive.
 GLOBALISM CREATES A CULTURE OF
FEAR.

Business owners can hold the threat of doing

exported jobs to cheaper areas over the heads of
their current workers to gain salary concessions. It
creates an environment where workers, especially
those who would be in the current Middle Class
around the world, would be unable to have any
leverage when it came to their take-home pay or
working conditions. People would be forced to either
freelance their skills, create their own business, or
accept the race to the bottom of the pay scale to
keep their employment.
 IT CREATES A POLITICAL SYSTEM WHERE
THE BIGGEST AND THE RICHEST HAVE
INFLUENCE.

In many developed countries today, there are

large companies, lobbyists, and wealthy
individuals who are highly involved in politics so
that they can have a favorable set of regulations
and laws. If national borders were to disappear,
this issue would become a global problem. The
largest businesses and wealthiest people could
hoard global resources for themselves through
whatever government was put into place,
enhancing the social inequalities that are already
being seen on smaller scales.
 RICHER REGIONS WILL ALWAYS
CONSUME MORE RESOURCES.

Regions that are wealthy will also

consume more resources under the
guise that they produce more for the
rest of the world.
 DISEASES TRAVEL FASTER IN A WORLD
THAT IS GLOBALIZED.

When people stay within their own regions,

there are fewer problems with communicable
diseases. The open access that we have
today already increases the threat of a new
disease being spread to all corners of the
planet in less than 14 days. If there were no
borders and people could travel freely to
wherever they wished to go, this issue would
cause even the most remote parts of the
planet to be exposed to potentially deadly
health concerns.
  IT COULD LEAD TO GREATER
WORKER EXPLOITATION.

If there is a race to the bottom for

worker wages globally, then there
would be nothing to stop
organizations from exploiting workers
so that goods could be created
cheaply. Households in such a
scenario would be earning less, so
they’d be demanding lower prices.
  IT WON’T BE A LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
FOR EVERYONE WHEN IT HAPPENS.

The countries of the world which currently

have the most input on global affairs would
be the loudest voices at the negotiation table.
The smallest countries that exist today would
likely struggle to even get a seat at that
table. This means going borderless would
create an uneven playing field that might
eliminate nations, but would still create
pockets of people who are more privileged
than others.
  NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT.

The globalization negative impact can be seen

in two different scenarios. Let’s say that
production levels increase because everyone
sees a boost in their economic circumstances.
This would potentially increase pollution
levels that could acidify the air, the ocean,
and cause more issues with global warming.
Or we could say that fewer people are buying
things because their economic circumstances
have worsened due to lower job salaries.
  LOSING BORDERS COULD MEAN
LOSING AN IDENTITY.

We often identify ourselves from our

nationality, ethnicity, and family
background. In a world that goes
borderless, that nationality would
merge into a person’s ethnicity, which
would mean large swaths of culture
would lose their identity and a loss of
that culture would be a great loss for
humanity.
  THERE’S A REASON WHY WE SAY
THAT “ABSOLUTE POWER CORRUPTS
ABSOLUTELY.” (LORD ACTON)

When only one person holds all the power over

a governing body, then it corrupts them.
There are numerous examples of this. Roman
emperors even declared themselves to be
gods. Imagine what having one person in
control of the entire planet and its unlimited
power would be like using our examples from
history, especially if that person had some
talent or skill that made them seem almost
supernatural.
 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
“economic globalization” as a
historical process representing the
result of human innovation and
technological progress. It is
characterized by increasing
integration of economies around the
world through the movement of
goods, services, and capital across
borders.
 (PROS)
 Cheaper prices for products and
services (more optimized supply
chains)
 Better availability of products and
services
 Easier access to capital and
commodities
 Increased competition which results
to decrease in prices of goods and
services
Producers and retailers can
diversify their markets and
contribute to economic growth
Better communication and
transportation
Reduction in cultural barriers
  IT PROMOTES LOCAL GROWTH BY
STIMULATING OVERALL GROWTH.

The theory of trickle down economics

works if it is implemented properly. That’s
because it is all about spending.
Multinational businesses spend through
national businesses. National businesses
spend through local businesses. Local
businesses provide jobs and dollars to
their community. If a business hoards
their cash, the whole system comes
tumbling down, but the theory is good on
the whole.
 IT WOULD CREATE HIGHER LEVELS OF
MUTUAL TRUST.

The only way business opportunities can

grow is if different people are able to
trust one another. Different corners of the
world have different opinions as to what
equates to right or wrong. By working
together and learning from the different
opinions that people have, the colonial
aspects of a growing business empire can
be reduced because people will be
working with other people to lift each
other up.
 A GLOBAL COMMUNITY REQUIRES A
GLOBAL ECONOMY.

Goods and services are already being

purchased from a global perspective.
This means that someone with a
home computer and a broadband
hook-up can be just as competitive as
the large multinational corporation
when it comes to the initial first
impression.
 IT GIVES UNDEVELOPED COUNTRIES A
CHANCE TO JOIN THE DEVELOPED
WORLD.

Many countries are struggling to keep pace

with the global changes and economic
globalization would undoubtedly bring
about a new wave of outsourcing,
bringing in new revenues to nations that
could use a burst of cash to work on their
infrastructure and other internal needs
 NEW INNOVATIONS WOULD CREATE
NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN A NUMBER
OF FIELDS.

Whenever innovation happens, new

technologies in a number of different
fields happen as well. The end result
is a better standard of living for
everyone involved with the
development process.
 (CONS):
Some countries struggle to
compete
Extractive behavior of some foreign
companies and investors in
resource-rich countries preventing
economic diversification
Strong bargaining power of
multinational companies vis-à-vis
local governments
“Contagion effect” is more likely in
times of crises
Problems of “social dumping”
  IT REMOVES THE EMPHASIS OF
LOCAL CULTURES.

There is no doubt that the American

business revolution is taking over the
lead role on economic globalization.
There are other multinational
companies that exist to dominate the
business world. This means as
globalization continues, the emphasis
on local culture will be extinguished.
 IT ENCOURAGES THE DEVELOPMENT
AND SPREADING OF DISEASE.

Having a globalized economy means

that there will be more people
travelling internationally than ever
before. With more people doing this,
more diseases are going to spread
into places of the world where they
generally aren’t seen today.
  MOST OF THE WORLD GETS IGNORED
IN ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION.

The richest 20% of the world is believe to

consume about 85% of the world’s total
resources. That means as the world
grows smaller, the undeveloped world is
just going to be left behind. Poor nations
when combined only get 15% of current
resources as it is and as business
opportunities take on a global calling,
that inequality is likely to continue
growing over time.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
 Cultural globalization refers to the
dynamic process of interconnection
and assimilation of cultures, from
which a homogeneous and common
culture is generated in the world.
 It refers to the process of transmission
of values, ideas, cultural and artistic
expressions. In the era of the Internet
and fast communications people can
interact more easily with each other.
 Multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism
are to some extent manifestations of
cultural globalization. Communities are
less insulated than ever in history, even
those who cannot travel can have today
a good understanding of other cultures
and meet virtually people from other
parts of the world. People change their
views and lifestyle influenced by global
cultural and consumption trends.
  (PROS):
 Access to new cultural products (art,
entertainment, education)
 Better understanding of foreign values
and attitudes. Less stereotyping and
fewer misconceptions about other people
and cultures
 Instant access to information from
anywhere in the world
Capacity to communicate and
defend one’s values and ideals
globally
Customisation or adaptation of
global cultural trends to local
environment (“mestisage”)
 Below are the main consequences and
changes caused by cultural
globalization.
 From a set of heterogeneous cultures,
a homogeneous culture has been
generated that encompasses general
customs recognized by individuals.
 Cultural, social and political values in
defense of human rights have been
redefined.
 Global interconnections have allowed
us to know the great cultural diversity
that exists.
 Every day there are more societies
that, however different, share more
things in common for globalization.
 People care about learning the most
spoken languages in order to expand
their knowledge and development
possibilities.
 The media and audiovisuals have
promoted, in various ways, the
development of cultural globalization by
imposing brands, trends, linguistic
expressions, among others, which are
recognized by a large number of
individuals.
 Cultural exchange and multiculturalism is
increased.
 Cultural globalization has been a
phenomenon that has united millions of
people.
 (CONS):
 Spread of commodity-based consumer
culture
 Dangers of cultural homogenization
 Westernization, cultural imperialism or
cultural colonialism
 Some small cultures may lose their distinct
features
 Dangerous or violent ideals can also spread
faster (note the international character of
the terror group IS)
 Cultural globalization is a phenomenon that
has regularized and standardized cultural
expressions.
 The cultures of regions or towns with fewer
people have been influenced by the cultures
of larger or more influential regions or
countries, leaving aside their own identity.
 Some customs or cultural traditions that have
been displaced by others of greater influence
are in danger of loss or forgetfulness.
 Cultural diversity is reduced by generating a
popular culture.
 The customs of the most developed and
influential countries in the world are
imposed on less developed countries .
 Cultural globalization is a dynamic
phenomenon that is generated from
commercial, political and social exchanges,
so it is difficult for culture not to be
affected and modified.
 Cultural globalization can lead to the loss
of the sovereignty of a nation.
 The consumption of major brands takes
precedence over the consumption and
promotion of what is done and represents
the culture of a country or region.
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
The political dimension is a newer feature of the
globalization debate, as over the last 30 years
there has been a rise in the influence and power
of international and regional institutions such as
the European Union (EU), Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), the United Nations (UN), the World
Trade Organization (WTO), and the Association
for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). These
international and supranational actors
increasingly shape domestic politics.
 (PROS):
 Access to international aid and financial
support
 It contributes to world peace. It reduces risk of
invasions, more checks on big powers and
limitation on nationalism
 International organizations are often committed
to spread values like freedom and to fight
abuses within countries
 Smaller countries can work together and gain
more influence internationally
 Governments can learn from each other
 (CONS):
 State sovereignty is reduced
 The functioning of international and
supranational organizations is often not
“democratic” in terms of representation
and accountability
 Big countries can shape decisions in
supranational organizations
 Sometimes countries can veto decisions
and slow down decision making processes
 Coordination is difficult and expensive
FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION
 (PROS)
 Due to the interconnectedness of the world
markets, a given country’s market will gain a
“deeper degree of financial integration”
(Schmukler, 2004). This translates to further
market stability and regulation, strengthening
investors’ trust in a given country’s market.
 Financial globalization also bares benefits to
investors. For example, it does promote for a
“better financial infrastructure” (Schmukler,
2004). As a result, lenders and borrowers
operate in a financial system that is more
“transparent, competitive, and efficient”
(Schmukler, 2004).
  CONS
 if a problem occurred in one part of
the globe, it would “cascade [and
echo] uncontrollably” (Beinhocker et
al., 2009) in other corners of the
world.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBALIZATION
 PROS
 TECHNOLOGY GIVES US ACCESS TO MORE
INFORMATION.

The Internet might be the most significant

social village that humanity has created in
history. It is an informational resource that
allows us to experience different
perspectives, ideas, and cultures from all
over the world.
  YOU CAN SAVE TIME BY USING
TECHNOLOGY.

the development of technology, you

can take a trip anywhere and know
exactly where to go with line-by-line
directions.
  TECHNOLOGY GIVES US MORE
MOBILITY OPTIONS.

Can you imagine what life was like when the

best technology to help with your travel
experience was a good pair of shoes?
Forget about bicycles and cars when
thinking about mobility and technology. In
less than a single day, you can hop onto
an airplane and travel to almost any point
in the world. You can travel thousands of
miles across the ocean with a high safety
level to visit your favorite countries.
 WE CAN COMMUNICATE MORE
EFFICIENTLY BECAUSE OF
TECHNOLOGY.
  TECHNOLOGY CAN MAKE THINGS
CHEAPER.
One of the primary advantages that technology
provides everyone, everywhere is the fact that it is
always looking for a best cost efficiency. We use
these processes to make more items or provide
additional services while saving time during the
creation process. By operating on an economy of
scale, it becomes possible to increase the living
standards for everyone around the world while
maintain an affordable cost profile. Competition can
even create lower prices as organizations work to
compete with one another over a specific set of
customers.
  IT INSPIRES US TO BECOME
INNOVATORS.

Digitization has come to many

industries because of the emphasis on
technology. (e.g. GMO)
 
TECHNOLOGY LETS US MANAGE OUR
MONEY BETTER.
The world is slowly becoming a
cashless society thanks to what
technology can bring to the table, but
let’s not forget that paper money was
once cutting-edge tech too. Instead of
waiting at the bank to pay a bill or
sending a check in the mail, you can
just hop online to a specific website to
send money instantly.
 DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER LEARNING
METHODS BECAUSE OF
TECHNOLOGY.

Software, gadgets, and even pencils

are all technology options that make it
easier to learn new skills. It is
possible to integrate numerous tools
into the modern classroom to facilitate
the learning process
 TECHNOLOGY LETS US FOCUS ON THE
ABILITY INSTEAD OF THE DISABILITY.

One of Helen Keller’s most famous quotes

is this: “The best and most beautiful
things in the world cannot be seen or
even touched – they must be felt with the
heart.” Keller made history by becoming
the first person who was deaf and blind
to earn an undergraduate degree. She is
known for her ability to overcome her
disability through her personal desire to
succeed.
  CONS

TECHNOLOGY CREATES DEPENDENCIES.

The evolution of technology in our world
today has created a dependence on our
devices, tools, and processes. There is no
longer a need to think or recall information
because everything is immediately available
to us in a giant database. Even a small tool,
like a calculator, reduces the need to perform
mental calculations or know how to do
mathematics because you can solve
equations by punching them into the device.
 LAWS MUST BE IN PLACED TO PROTECT
INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS.

There are some technologies that we can

all use to benefit our lives, our families,
and our communities. You can surf the
Internet to find a recipe, investment
strategy, or educational philosophy to
follow. Most people don’t need
supervision to mow their lawn or plant a
garden. These processes give us a lot of
individual freedoms that were not always
available in the past.
  TECHNOLOGY REDUCES HUMAN EFFORT.

You’ve probably heard someone say the

phrase, “We need to work smarter, not
harder.” Most technological discoveries work
to reduce the amount of effort that we need
to use to create a result. The implication
here is simple: machines can do the heavy
lifting for us. When there is less work for
people to do, then it means humanity is
slowly making itself obsolete. Automated
processes make jobs redundant, so the new
employment fields will be in programming,
coding, and similar support services.
 WE DON’T ALWAYS UNDERSTAND HOW
TECHNOLOGY WORKS FOR US.

Imagine if your computer broke down right

now. What could you do to fix the problem?
Will you need to fix one of the circuits inside
of the device, or is there a software coding
bug that you need to manage? The problem
with technology today for the average person
is that there is no longer an understanding of
how the tools operate. Even if you want to fix
a car, you need to deal with more electronics
than the mechanical issues that may be
present.
  TECHNOLOGY CREATES A SOCIAL
DISCONNECT.

People are socializing with each other

through digital means instead of face-to-
face opportunities. Even though there is a
certain satisfaction that comes from these
interactions, digital-only relationships can
also create intense feelings of isolation,
loneliness, and disconnect. Taking away
our ability to be physically social (even if
that doesn’t mean intimacy) can be
problematic for an individual’s mental
health.
  THERE IS MORE OF A STRUGGLE TO
DISCONNECT FROM WORK BECAUSE OF
TECHNOLOGY.

There are hundreds of emails that come

through each week, demanding your personal
attention. You probably receive a handful of
voicemail messages and phone calls that
require some juggling to fit them into your
schedule. There are text messages from co-
workers, supervisors, and clients that want an
immediate response. The reality of
technology today is that it is almost
impossible to escape from work unless you
are willing to disconnect from many of the
tools that you use all of the time.
  TECHNOLOGY CAN MANIPULATE
INFORMATION TO SUIT PERSONAL NEEDS.

Deep fake videos are becoming more

prevalent today thanks to technologies that
make it seem like video content is real when
it is not. Photographs and audio recordings
are easy enough to edit as well, which
means the data we collect is easy to
manipulate. If we are unwilling to verify the
authenticity of the information we access,
then it is very easy to spread false
information to others, creating an
alternative set of facts.
  IT BECOMES MUCH EASIER TO COPY OR
PLAGIARIZE INFORMATION.

Digital content is remarkably easy to

reproduce. You can even make it seem like
it is an authentic piece of information by
rewriting a few lines of an article or
changing the positioning of paragraphs.
Copyright laws are becoming very
challenging to enforce because music and
movie files are so easy to transfer on peer-
to-peer sites. Even when watchdog groups
search daily for people who are illegally
sharing this information, they can start a
new account to do it again once their old
one gets shut down.
TECHNOLOGY CAN BE
ADDICTIVE.