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PRODUCTION SYSTEM

BY:
MALLICK MD FAHAD
ROLL NO. 16
Production
It is the creation of goods and
services.

Production system
Any system which transforms input into
output and in the mean time creates
value.
Operations Management
The management of systems or processes
that create goods and/or provide services.

Value added
Inputs
Outputs
Land Transformation/
Conversion Goods
Labor Services
Capital process
Feedback

Control
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TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES
Processes that transform resources into useful
goods and services.

Common resources such as


Space (land, buildings, etc.)
Labour(human)
Capital (for machinery and equipment,money
materials, etc.)

Economists call these resources the


“factors of production” and usually refer
to them as land, labour and capital.
Production managers refer to them as the
“5 M’s”:
Men,

Machines,

Methods,

Materials, and

Money.
Service
Types of
production system system

Manufactu
ring
system Continuous
Intermittent PRODUCTION
production

Mass
production( F Processing
low) Production
Batch Job

Production Production
Manufacturing system
The changing methods of manufacturing.

MANUFACTURING
 Use of machines, tools and labour to
make things for use or sale.
 Range of human activity, from handicraft
to high tech.
Applied to industrial production
CONTINOUS PRODUCTION
Method used to manufacture , produce, or
process materials without interruption.
It is used for products that are made in a
similar manner.
It also means production in Line.

This process is followed in most oil and gas industries


and petrochemical plant and also examples like TV ,
vehicles etc
The example company (shown below) processes trees (pine) into wood pulp for the
paper / card and newspaper industries. Demand for these products is so high that
production is continuous, twenty four hours a day. Semi skilled workers are required
for the cutting of the trees, replanting and transportation. Once processing starts,
computer controlled automated equipment takes over.
continuous production
Characteristics
 Standardized Raw material.
 Standard facility- high standardization.
 Fixed sequence of operation.
 Material handling is easier.
 High skilled operator not required.
 Huge investment.
 High raw material inventory.
 Production line runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
 High volumes of production.
 Little or no variation in the type of outputs.
 Anticipation of demand.
CONTINOUS PRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES
we have production continuously .
we have no interruption .

DISADVANTAGE S
If we have some interruption in some
operation due to maintenance problems
then our production will be disturbed only.
Intermittent production
 Producing several different products on the same
production line.

 After an initial production run has


been made with one product, a second product will be
produced, and so on.

 A production process in which the production run is


short and machines are changed frequently to make
different products.

 Maximizing productivity on the production line.


BATCH PRODUCTION
Batch production is used to produce any
product in groups that are called batches.

Production is broken down into a number


of operations .

A particular operation is carried out on


each batch before moving to the next stage.
BATCH PRODUCTION
EXAMPLES
The example production line (shown below) is that of an engineering company,
manufacturing small steel products such as hinges and locks. They
manufacture batches of five hundred at a time. The workers are unskilled and
semi skilled. As each task is completed the item being manufactured is passed
down the production line to the next worker, until it is complete.
Batch Processes - Harley Davidson
BATCH PRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS
 A production line is set up.
 Each worker completes one task and passing
down the production line to the next worker.
 The workers are semi skilled or unskilled.
 The production line can be changed
quickly, so that different products can be made.
 Often individual parts of the product are
bought from other companies and assembled
on the production line.
 The production lines runs for a certain amount
of time and then the product is changed.
 Customized type.
Batch production
ADVANTAGES
 Faster,
 Cheaper, and
 Easier to make
 A variety of products rather than just one type so therefore it
gives customer a larger choice and hence a larger possibility
of sales.
 If a retailer buys a batch of a product and cannot sell them
he/she will not make huge losses.
 The company is reducing its risk on simply concentrating
on one product; it produces a variety of different ones of the
same type.
BATCH PRODUCTION
DISADVANTAGES
There's a period of time for which the machinery
is being changed and this causes the productivity
to stop completely which the could cause the
workers to sit idle; basically the work stops. Time
between batches is known as downtime.
JOB PRODUCTION
The manufacture of a single complete unit
by an operator or a group of operators.

This is a method of production where


companies use all their factors of
production to complete one job at a time.

Job production involves producing a one-off


product for a specific customer.
JOB PRODUCTION
Low technology jobs, production is simple and it is
relatively easy to get hold of the skills and equipment
required. Examples:
• Hairdressers
• Tailoring
• Painting and decorating
• Plumbing and heating repairs in the home
High technology jobs are much more complex and
difficult. These jobs need to be very well project-managed
and require highly qualified and skilled workers. Examples:
• Film production
• Large construction projects (e.g. bridge & ship building )
• Installing new transport systems (e.g. trams in Sheffield and
Manchester)
JOB PRODUCTION
Shipyard layout
JOB PRODUCTION
FEATURES
 Whole project is taken as single operation.
 Work is to be completed on each operation before
passing to next item.
 Versatile & skilled labor is needed.
 High capital investment.
 Highly specialized multi tasking machines.
 Machines are shared.
 No scope for repetition of production.
JOB PRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES
Work is generally of a high quality.
A high level of customisation is possible to meet
the customer's exact requirements.
Significant flexibility is possible, especially when
compared to mass production.
Workers can be easily motivated due to the
skilled nature of the work they are performing.
JOB PRODUCTION
DISADVANTAGES
 Since each job is distinct in nature hence machines are
general purpose and may not be economical or efficient.
 An expensive process as it is labour intensive .(uses more
workers compared to machines)
 Loss of production time (Machines need to be set up
very frequently to suit needs of variety of jobs)
Productive techniques like work study, value
analysis etc. may not be possible to be
introduced.
Slow compared to other methods.
MASS PRODUCTION
Mass production is the creation of many
products in a short period of time using
time-saving techniques such as assembly
lines techniques, specialization and often
using standardized designs.
MASS PRODUCTION
 FEATURES
 Planning for optimum utilization of resources can be ensured.
 A product wise layout and balance production line can be
designed
 Semiskilled or even unskilled labour can be utilized; very small
numbers of skilled workers are required.
 High output rating automatic machines can be utilized.
 Maintenance or breakdown must be attended most efficiently and
promptly otherwise it may result into heavy loss of production
 There is lot of scope for introducing productive techniques to
increase productivity.
 Product quality can be better controlled in this system
 Standardized type.
MASS PRODUCTION
EXAMPLES

VECHICLES

ELECTRIC ITEMS Light


Bulbs

FOOD

CIGARETTES
 1. The plastic face is cut to shape on a band saw or jig saw. Waste
plastic placed in recycle bin - one person required, time - four
minutes.
 2. The edges of the face are smoothed first on a sanding disc and
then on a polishing machine - two people required, overall time -
ten minutes.
 3. The shape if checked for quality/accuracy  -  by a quality
inspector. If the product fails at this point it is sent back for more
accurate shaping and smoothing.
 4. The centre of the plastic is drilled so that the spindle of the
clock mechanism fits  -  one person  - five minutes.
 5. The numbers are set up accurately on the face using a jig to
align numbers precisely - one person required, time - 8 minutes.
 6. The quality inspector again checks the product of accuracy. If it
fails it is placed in the recycle bin.
 7. The mechanism is set up and hands are attached and fixed in
position - one person, time - 2 minutes.
8. Battery placed in position and tested - same person as for stage
5, time - 1 minute.
 9. Time set - one person - same as for previous two stages, time 1
minute.
10. Quality control check. Each clock checked rigorously for
quality of finish and working order - one person, time - 3 minutes.
 11. The product is ready to be sold.

Total - 7 people.
Time - 33 minutes.
MASS PRODUCTION

ADVANTAGES
The probability of human error and variation is
reduced.
A reduction in labour costs.
An increased rate of production.
Enables a company to produce a larger quantity
of one product at a lower cost.
The time taken to manufacture a product using
mass production is shorter.
MASS PRODUCTION
DISADVANTAGES
Inflexible
All products produced on one production line
will be identical or very similar, and introducing
variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy.
PROCESSING PRODUCTION

This process is followed in most oil


and gas industries and petrochemical
plant.
PROCESSING PRODUCTION
FEATURES
Extended form of mass production system
More automatic machines
One basic raw material is transferred into
several products at several stages.
Highly skilled workers required
More human problems foreseen
Highly standardized system
EXAMPLES OF SERVICE
INDUSTRIES WHICH USE
PRODUCTION CONCEPTS ARE :

HOSPITALS
AIRLINES
SUPERMARKETS
AUTOMOBILE REPAIR SHOP ETC
THANK YOU

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