EARTHQUAKE

HAZARDS

PREPARED BY:

MANSOUR ATIVO
JOANNA MAE GADING
RONALYN ESPECIAL
JOSHUA HAGAD
DARYL MIGUEL FUNGO

GRADE 11- THYMINE

Objectives:
 Identify various potential earthquake
hazards
 Point with ease the natural signs of an
impending tsunami
 Discuss the effects of different
earthquake hazards
 Interpret different earthquake hazard
maps
 Apply precautionary and safety
measures, before, during, and after an
earthquake
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 INTRODUCTION
One of the most common hazards inflicting tremendous
damage to human life and material properties is an earthquake. It
is a natural phenomenon that possesses great danger due to
various hazards it may bring.
Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground
suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of
energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake.
When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each
other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly; the rocks
catch on each other.
Though its impeding occurrence can be predicted, the
magnitude of its impact to a community and its people is
unpredictable. 3
 EARTHQUAKE

 Also known as quake, tremor or temblor

 The perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth,

resulting from the sudden release of energy in the
Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.-UNITED
STATES GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE(USGS)

 A sudden and violent shaking of the ground,

sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.

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 Potential Earthquake Hazards

 Ground Shaking or Ground Motion

 Ground or Surface Rupture
 Liquefaction
 Earthquake-Induced ground Subsidence and Lateral
Spreading
 Tsunami
 Earthquake-Induced Landslides

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 Ground Shaking or Ground Motion

The Earth shakes with the passage of earthquake waves,

which radiates energy that had been “stored” in stressed
rocks, and were released when a fault broke and the rocks
slipped to relieve the pent-up stress.
If an earthquake generates a large enough shaking
intensity, structures like buildings, bridges and dams can be
severely damaged, and cliffs and sloping ground
destabilized. Perched or stacked objects may fall and injure
or bury anyone close by. In the largest earthquakes whole A recording of ground
districts can be devastated by the multiple consequences of motion
ground shaking.
Ground shaking will vary over an area due to such
factors as topography, bedrock type, and the location and
orientation of the fault rupture. These all affect the way the
seismic waves travel through the ground.
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 EXAMPLES OF GROUND
MOTION HAZARD MAPS IN THE
PHILIPPINES

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PROVINCE OF ALBAY LOS BANOS,LAGUNA

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 CALAPE IN BOHOL

PROVINCE OF ISABELA
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 Ground or Surface Rupture
Ground or Surface rupture is an offset of the ground surface when
fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface. Any structure built across the
fault is at risk of being torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip past
each other.
There are two forms of surface rupture:
 Normal Faults and Reverse Faults (also called as "Dip-Slip" Faults)
- they experience vertical movement, in line with the dip of the fault.
They are identified by the relative movement of the Hanging Wall and
Foot Wall.
 Strike-slip (also called transcurrent, wrench, or lateral) faults
-are similarly caused by horizontal compression, but they release their
energy by rock displacement in a horizontal direction almost parallel to
the compressional force.

Many earthquake surface ruptures are combinations of both.

Structures that span a surface fault are likely to suffer great damage
surface ruptures. 11
SAN ANDREAS FAULT

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 Liquefaction
Liquefaction occurs when waterlogged sediments are agitated by seismic
shaking. This separates the grains from each other, reducing their load bearing
capacity, and the groundwater pressure begins to rise.

Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil

is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.The soil particles can
move farther, and become entrained in the water- the soil flows. Buildings and
other structures can sink down into the ground or tilt over, whilst underground
pipes and tanks may rise up to the surface.

Liquefaction occurring beneath buildings and other structures can cause

major damage during earthquakes. For example, the 1964 Niigata earthquake
caused widespread liquefaction in Niigata,Japan which destroyed many buildings.
Also, during the 1989 Loma Prieta, California earthquake, liquefaction of the soils
and debris used to fill in a lagoon caused major subsidence, fracturing, and
horizontal sliding of the ground surface in the Marina district in San Francisco.
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Earthquake-Induced Ground Subsidence and Lateral
Spreading

Subsidence, or lowering of the ground surface, often occurs

during earthquakes. This may be due to downward vertical
displacement on one side of a fault, and can sometimes affect a
huge area of land. Coastal areas can become permanently flooded
as a result.
Subsidence can also occur as ground shaking causes loose
sediments to “settle’ and to lose their load bearing strength (see
liquefaction, below) or to slump down sloping ground.

Lateral spreading occurs where sloping ground starts to move

downhill, causing cracks to open up, that are often seen along hill
crests and river banks.

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 Tsunami

A tsunami, also known as a seismic sea wave, is a

series of waves in a water body caused by the
displacement of a large volume of water, generally in
an ocean or a large lake.

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other

underwater explosions, landslides, glacier carvings,
meteorite impacts, and other disturbances above or
below water all have the potential to generate a
tsunami.

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 Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Landslides are frequently triggered by strong ground

motions. They are important secondary earthquake hazard.

The term landslide includes a wide range of ground

movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and
shallow debris flows.

Strong earthquake-induced ground shaking greatly increases

the likelihood of landslides where landscape is susceptible to
these types of ground failure.

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Natural Signs of an Impending Tsunami

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 Animal Behaviors
Some zoologists hypothesize that some animal species like
elephants have the ability to sense subsonic Rayleigh waves from
an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct and substantiated with more
evidence, monitoring their behavior could provide advance
warning of earthquakes and tsunamis. It is possible that certain
animals like the elephants may hear the sounds of a tsunami as It
approaches the coast.
In any case, many people witnessed unusual animal
behaviour before tsunamis, and even earthquakes. The 2004
Indian Ocean devastating tsunami is a good example: elephants
fled to high ground in Sri Lanka and Thailand; wherever the
tsunami was about to reach the coast dogs ran up to the hill tops,
and refused to go to the beach with their owners; in India and
Sumatra, flamingos flew to higher ground.

Animals may get scared by the sound of the wave

approaching, or by micro-tremors generated by the tsunami. In
any case, an unusual animal behaviour in your vicinity should
always be taken as a warning.
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 Drawback
Drawback is when the ocean recedes from land before
a tsunami strikes.Drawback can also be a warning that a tsunami
is approaching the shoreline but the problem is that the time
between the sea water receding and the full tsunami moving in is
usually only seconds or, at best, a few minutes. Because the
drawback is the visible expression of half a cycle of the tsunami
wave, it can last half of the wave's period (more than 10 minutes).

How Drawback is formed?

A drawback will occur if the first part to arrive is a trough of a
wave or a tsunami. It will occur as the shoreline recedes
dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. Drawback can
exceed hundreds of meters, and people unaware of the danger
sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to
collect fish from the exposed seabed.
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DRAWBACK OF SEA WATER
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Effects of Different Earthquake Hazards
(1990 Baguio City Earthquake)

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 On Monday, 16 of July 1990 at 4:26 pm, a killer earthquake hit and extensively
devastated Baguio City.
 It measured 7.7 in the open-ended Richter scale and lasted for 45 seconds.
 It was said to be the most destructive earthquake on record, and several
aftershocks followed, in which the strongest measured 5.3 on the Richter
scale.
 Many commercial and government buildings, hotels, inns, and residences
were heavily damaged.
 It was estimated that as many as 1000 people were trapped and killed in
damaged buildings.
 Because of the extensive devastation, Baguio City was described to be a
virtual “war zone”
 After the earthquake, supply for water, fuel, food, medicines, and other
miscellaneous necessities were running low.
 Around 800 injured persons were treated by doctors under an umbrella
 Three main access roads to Baguio were blocked by landsides and were
totally impassable to vehicular traffic.

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Different Earthquake
Hazard Maps

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 These are different hazard maps of the
Philippines designed by OCHA Regional Office
for Asia and the Pacific, and PHIVOLCS.

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Seismic, Volcanic and Tropical Storm Risks

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Earthquake-Induced Landslides Susceptibility Map

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Seismic Hazard and Structures in the Philippines

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Floods and Landslides Hazard Map

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Ground Shaking Hazard Map

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Thank
YOU!

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