NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF WIND
ENERGY CONVERSION
SYSTEM EMPLOYING
SPACE VECTOR
CONTROLLED DOUBLY-
FED INDUCTION
GENERATOR

Under Guidance of
Dr. M. Raghavendra Rao
CONTENTS :
 Abstract
 Introduction
 WindEnergy Conversion
System
 Selection of Generator
 Advantages of DFIG
 Mathematical Modelling
 Simulation & Results
 Conclusion
 Abstract :
 Nowadays world is suffering with the problem of increasing demand for
electric power and global warming caused by emissions from industries
used to meet this power demand.
 The Aim of Renewable energy System is to maintain Continuous power
capacity addition with minimum impact on environment.
 A wind energy conversion system (WECS) is perfect solution to those
two problems. Variable speed wind energy conversion system is able to
convert the varying incoming wind power as rotational energy, by
changing the speed of the wind turbine.
 It is essential to conduct fault studies in a power system consisting of
distributed generation (DG),in particular if it consists of WECS connected
to grid by a line. A fault occurring on this line severely effects the
operation of back to back PWM converters and DFIG.
 . In this paper simulation studies are carried out to identify the effects of
instantaneous and gradual variation of wind speeds and various types of
faults in line section on the operation of WECS employing space vector
controlled DFIG.
 Introduction :
 Wind Turbine Technology is the most
promising renewable energy
technology . It is started in 1980s
with a few tens of KW production of
power per unit and today it is
increased to MW size.
 As Power range of turbine increases
those control parameters becomes
more important and it is necessary
to introduce power electronics as
interface between the wind turbine
and grid . The Power electronics is
changing the basic characteristics of
wind turbine from being an energy
source to be an active source.
 Wind energy conversion system
converts wind energy into electrical
energy,which is then fed to Electrical
 There are 3 main components in Wind Energy Conversion
System
1. The turbine Rotor
2. Gear box
3. Generator
 Fixed Speed and Variable speed turbines are two types of
turbines used for WECS. For Fixed Speed WECS Aerodynamic
Control is essential for better performance which leads to
increased controls and costs.
 Variable speed turbine systems change the speed of the
turbine to convert varying incoming wind power as rotational
energy. This leads to smoother electrical ower with reduced
stress on mechanical structures.
 WECS employing DFIG use back to back pulse width
madulated converters . One is grid side for to control voltage
and Rotor side which is for to transfer power in and out of the
rotor depending on operating conditions
Power Characteristics of Wind turbine :
 Wind turbine is a non-linear system
whose output depends on various
parameters such as wind velocity,
dimensions of the wind turbine and tip
speed ratio. The power extracted (Pwt) by
a wind turbine is
Pext= (1/2) π ρ cp R2 V3
ρ = Air Density, R = Turbine radius
cp = Turbine Power Coeficient
V = Wind Speed
 λ = Tip Speed ratio Which is defined as the
ratio between tangential speed of the tip of
a blade and the actual speed of a wind.
The Cp – λ Curves and Power Characteristics
are Shown in fig.
Selection of Generators :
 An induction generator  is a type of alternating current (AC)
electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce
electric power. Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotors
faster than synchronous speed.
 WECS employing back to back converters in DFIG have many advantages over
other variable speed turbine systems. These converters carry only the rotor
power which is nearly 20% of the total machine power
 Therefore rating of the converter used in DFIG can be kept very low as compared
to the series converters used in other generators which carry total machine
power. Reactive power management is another important aspect in WECS. The
arrangement of converters in DFIG improves reactive power control as in the
case of synchronous generators, and is more economical for variable speed
operation.
 Fault studies play an important role in power system analysis. It is essential to
conduct fault studies in a power system consisting of distributed generation
(DG), in particular if DG consists of WECS. A fault occurring on the line
connecting wind farm to grid severely effects the operation of DFIG. Fault studies
are required to identify appropriate relay settings and coordination among relays
for backup protection. For selection and setting up of ground relays and phase
relays line to ground fault and three phase fault analyses are essential.
 Below Synchronous speed in the motoring mode and above
synchronous speed in the generating mode , rotor side
converter acts as rectifier and stator side converter acts as
inverter and where as slip power is returned to the stator.
 Below Synchronous speed in the generating mode and above
synchronous speed in the motoring mode , rotor side converter
acts as inverter and stator side converter acts as rectifier and
where as slip power is supplied to the rotor.

Advantages
 Advantages of the system includes Low losses , Which assumes
a high overall efficiency and an outstanding availability due to
the compact design with a minimal number of components
 Significantly reduced power rating and cost of the converter
 Possible speed regulation for optimal utilization of energy.
 Sub Synchronous and Super Synchronous operation is possible
Space Vector Pulse Width
Modulation :
 Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is a technique used in the final
step of field oriented control (FOC) to determine the pulse-width modulated
signals for the inverter switches in order to generate the desired 3-phase
voltages to the motor.
 Voltage is delivered to the motor by a three-phase inverter with six transistors
(two on each leg of the output). Each of the three outputs can be in one of two
states (top transistor closed and bottom transistor open, or vice-versa), giving
eight (23) total states for the output. These are referred to as base vectors.
 The eight base vectors are plotted on a hexagonal star diagram. Each vector
makes up a spoke of the star, with 60 degrees phase difference between
adjacent vectors. The two vectors (V0 and V7) that contain outputs which are
either all plus or all minus are referred to as null vectors and are plotted at the
center (origin) of the star.
 The goal of SVPWM is to produce a “mean vector” during the PWM period
(TPWM) that is equal to the desired voltage vector (Vout) The location of Vout is
determined on the star diagram, and the base vectors that constrain that
sector (V1 and V3, for example), along with one of the null vectors, are used to
synthesize the desired voltage. This is done by applying V1 for a specified time
(T1), V3 for a specified time (T3), and the null vector for the amount of time
necessary (T0) to provide a resultant vector equal to Vout.
Mathematical Modelling :
 DFIG dynamic model is essential to develop decoupled control of
active and reactive power. The DFIG consists of three phase
stator winding and a three phase rotor winding similar to a
wound rotor induction machine. Slip rings are used to feed three
phase rotor winding. In a stationary reference frame the voltage
and torque equations of the DFIG are given by