THE EARTHMOVING PROCESS

 Earthmoving is the process of moving soil or rock

from one location to another and processing it so
that it meets construction requirements of
location, elevation, density, moisture content, and
so on.
THE EARTHMOVING PROCESS
 Activities involved in this process include :
 excavating,
 loading,
 hauling,
 placing (dumping and spreading),
 compacting,
 grading, and
 finishing.
WHAT IS BULLDOZER
 Machines designed preliminary for cutting &
pushing material relatively short distance.
 Consist of a tractor with a front mounted
blade controlled by hydraulic cylinders use
for different cut for different depth & leveling
as per condition of land.
CRAWLER DOZERS
 It is equipped with special clearing blades
which are excellent machine for loud
clearing.
 Heavy ripping of rock is accomplished by
crawler dozers with use of rippers which are
mounted rear of dozers.
PURPOSE OF BULLDOZER
 Clear site of work
 Leveling of land

 Prepare roads on hilly areas as well as hard

ground
 Excavate the material and haul in between
100 meters distance.
 Spreading earth

 Backfilling trenches

 Maintaining haul roads

CLASSIFICATION OF BULLDOZERS:

 It may either cable controlled or hydraulic

controlled.
 Depending upon mountings bulldozers
classified as
I. crawler tractor mounted bulldozers

II. Wheel tractor mounted bulldozers

WHEEL TRACTOR MOUNTED
BULLDOZERS
CRAWLER MOUNTED BULLDOZERS
CLASSIFICATION OF BULLDOZERS:

 Depending on nature of blade:

I. Front casting dozer

II. Angle dozer

 In case of front casting dozer blade is fixed
perpendicular to the direction of travel.
 In case if Angle dozer the blade is fixed at
an angle with the direction of travel.
FRONT CASTING DOZER
ANGLE DOZER
COMPARISON :
 In case of front casting dozer it moves
earth in the forward direction.
 In case of Angle dozer it moves earth one
side in the forward direction.
 Due to this different types of blades it can
converted in two types.
SIZE & OUTPUT OF BULLDOZER
 Size of bulldozer indicated by the dimensions
of blade & its output depends upon its
operating condition.
 Each blade has a capacity of hauling a
particular type of earth & knowing the
number of turns a bulldozer can be
estimated.
 Output of all the earth moving machinery
depends on given factors.
FACTORS AFFECT OUTPUT OF
MACHINERY
a. Efficiency of operator
b. Nature of soil
c. Topography of area
d. Type of equipment
e. Weather
UTILITY OF A BULLDOZER
 By suitable attachments to the bulldozer, it
can be utilized to remove
trees,rocks,boulders etc.
 In order to increase output two bulldozers
working side by side with their blades in
contact , can be used.
 It can be used on wet ground and all types of
weather conditions.
ADVANTAGES OF CRAWLER MOUNTED
DOZER
 It delivers greater attractive effort especially
when operating soft grounds as loose or
muddy soil.
 Capacity to travel over muddy surface.

 Work on different type of soil.

 Ability to travel on rough surface, which may

reduce the cost of maintaining the hauling
roads.
ADVANTAGES OF CRAWLER MOUNTED
DOZER
 Greater flotation due to the lower pressure
under the track.
 Good for short distance jobs.

 Greater use in different type of jobs.

 Can push large blade loads.

 Speed is slow about 8 to 16 kmph.

ADVANTAGES OF WHEEL MOUNTED
DOZER
 Provide higher travel speed from 13 to 42
kmph on the job or from one job to another
job.
 Eliminates the necessity of hauling
equipment required to transport the dozer to
the job.
 Greater output, especially when considerable
travel is necessary.
 Less fatigue to operator.
ADVANTAGES OF WHEEL MOUNTED
DOZER
 It is good for long distance.
 It can travel on paved highways without
damaging the surface.
 It is best for handling loose soil.

 It can push moderate blade load.

BLADES OF DOZER
 Made from mold boards which having
concave profile.
 Blades are connected with dozer with the
help of push arms and tilt cylinders or a C
frame.
 Based on different type of work application
the size of blade is varies.
WHAT IS TILT ?
 In some machines either end of the blade
can be raised or lowered in the vertical plane
of the blade called Tilt.
 The movement takes place within the vertical
plane of the blade.
 Tilting enables the concentration of dozer
driving power on a limited portion of the
length of the blade.
WHAT IS PITCH?

 The top of the blade can pitched forward or

backward varying the angle of attack of the
cutting edge. it is known as pitch.
 This is pivotal movement about the point of
connection between the dozer and blade.
 When top of blade pitch forward, the bottom
edge moves back. This increase the angle of
cutting edge attack.
WHAT IS ANGLING?
 Blades which are mounted on a C frame can be
turned from the direction of travel. It is known as
angling.
 This features are not applicable for all blades.

 Turning the blade in such a way that it is not

perpendicular to the direction of the travel of the
dozer is known as angling.
 Angling causes the pushed material to roll off the
traveling end of trailing end of blade.
 This process of rolling material off one end of the
blade is known as side casting.
CONSTRUCTION & WORKING
OF POWER SHOVEL

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POWER SHOVELS
 Power Shovels are used primarily to excavate earth
and load it into trucks or tractor pulled wagons or
onto or onto conveyor belts.
 They are capable of excavating all classes of earth,
except solid rock, without prior loosening, like in
quarries, mines in any road projects etc.
 Power shovels are considered as basic tool for
excavating the materials and loading.
 They may be mounted on crawler tracks, in which
case they are referred to as crawler mounted
shovels. Such shovels have very low travel speeds.
 However, they may be mounted an rubber-tired
wheels. Single-engine self-propelled units are
powered and operated from excavator cab. The non-
self-propelled units mounted on the rear of tracks,
which are referred to as truck-mounted, have
separate engines for operating them.

03/07/20 29
POWER SHOVELS
 The basic parts of a power shovel include
the mounting, cab, boom, dipper stick and
bucket or dipper and under carriage unit.
 Power unit
 Under carriage unit
 Hoist and loading assembly: It is used for
hoisting the dipper and loading the material
into predetermined place.
 It essentially consists of rigid boom and
dipper stick which is strongly built to
withstand impact loading while excavation.
To operate shovel in favorable condition i.e.
economically, it will be necessary to reduce
the depth of penetration of dipper face.
03/07/20 30
POWER SHOVELS
 The general operation of a hydraulically
controlled shovel differ from those of a cable-
controlled shovel primarily in that the operator
forces are produced by pistons instead of by
cables.

Hence, it is clear that the applications of power

shovel are
1) To excavate the soils of all types except
rocks without prior loosening.
2) To collect and dump the material.
3) To load the excavated material into dump
trucks, conveyer belts etc.

03/07/20 31
CONCRETE MIXERS

INTRODUCTION.
Concrete mixers are used for mixing
all the ingredients of concrete to make
a mix of specified consistency
CONCRETE MIXERS
MIXER SIZES

 B.S. 1305 specifies the following

standard sizes for batch type mixers:
 Tilting mixers: 3.5 T, 5T, and 7T,
 Non-tilting mixers: 5NT.
7NT.10NT.14HNT 28NT. 56NT.
(The numbers indicate the mixed
batch capacity in cubic feet.)
CONCRETE MIXING TRUCK
PORTABLE CONCRETE BATCHING
PLANT & FIXED CONCRETE BATCHING
PLANTS
MANUAL MIXING OF CONCRETE

DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES OF MANUAL MIXING OF CONCRETE
ARE
 IN MOST OF OUR SMALL PROJECTS THE MIXING OF
CONCRETE IS MAINLY DONE MANUALLY.
 REDUCTION IN STRENGTH
 SEGREGATION OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES
 INCOMPLETE MIXING CAUSES NON UNIFORMITY OF
CEMENT IN CONCRETE.
 FALSE SET OF CEMENT
 WAISTAGE OF CEMENT SAND SLURRY
 REDUCTION IN WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE