WHAT IS DIABETES?

CRISTINE MAE A. HIPOLITO, RN

CAGAYAN VALLEY CENTER FOR HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
DIABETES
is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas is no longer able to
make insulin, or when the body cannot make good use of the insulin it
produces.
is a disorder in which blood sugar (glucose) levels are abnormally high
because the body does not produce enough insulin to meet its needs.
Insulin
is a hormone made by the pancreas, that acts like a key to let glucose
from the food we eat pass from the blood stream into the cells in the body
to produce energy. All carbohydrate foods are broken down into glucose
in the blood. Insulin helps glucose get into the cells.
Types of diabetes

Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes (GDM)
Type 1 diabetes
CAN OCCUR AT ANY AGE

JUVENILE DIABETES (CHILDHOOD)

INSULIN DEPENDENT

body produces very little or no insulin, which means that you need daily insulin
injections to maintain blood glucose levels under control
RISK FACTORS
HEREDITARY
UNKNOWN
Environmental factors and exposure to some viral infections have also been linked
to the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
Symptoms of
type 1 diabetes
MANAGEMENT

Daily insulin treatment,

Regular blood glucose monitoring and
Healthy lifestyle
Type 2 diabetes
more common in adults and accounts for around 90% of all diabetes cases

LIFESTYLE RELATED DIABETES

body does not make good use of the insulin that it produces. Because
insulin cannot work properly, blood glucose levels keep rising, releasing
more insulin
RISK
FACTORS
OTHER RISK FACTORS
Increasing age

High blood pressure

Ethnicity

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)*

History of gestational diabetes

Poor nutrition during pregnancy

SYMPTOMS DM 2
MANAGEMENT
 HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
OHA’S- oral hypoglycemic agent
Medications for type 2 diabetes

Metformin
Sulfonylureas
PREVENTION
Healthy diet
reducing the amount of calories
replacing saturated fats (eg. cream, cheese, butter) with unsaturated fats (eg.
avocado, nuts, olive and vegetable oils),
eating dietary fibre (eg. fruit, vegetables, whole grains), and
avoiding tobacco use, excessive alcohol and added sugar.
PREVENTION
Regular physical activity

most effective when it includes a combination of both aerobic (eg.

jogging, swimming, cycling) exercise and resistance training, as well as
reducing the amount of time spent being inactive.
Gestational diabetes (GDM)
Type of diabetes that consists of high blood glucose during
pregnancy and is associated with complications to both mother
and child
GDM usually disappears after pregnancy but women affected and their
children are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life
 IDF recommendations for a healthy diet
for the general population
Choosing water, coffee or tea instead of fruit juice, soda, or other sugar sweetened beverages.

Eating at least three servings of vegetable every day, including green leafy vegetables.

Eating up to three servings of fresh fruit every day.

Choosing nuts, a piece of fresh fruit, or unsweetened yoghurt for a snack.

Limiting alcohol intake to a maximum of two standard drinks per day.

 IDF recommendations for a healthy diet
for the general population
Choosing lean cuts of white meat, poultry or seafood instead of red or processed meat.

Choosing peanut butter instead of chocolate spread or jam.

Choosing whole-grain bread, rice, or pasta instead of white bread, rice, or pasta.

Choosing unsaturated fats (olive oil, canola oil, corn oil, or sunflower oil) instead of saturated fats
(butter, ghee, animal fat, coconut oil or palm oil.