ECE4201

DATA COMMUNICATION
 Course outline
• ECE 4201 Data Communication and Networking
• Data transmission fundamentals, the OSI layered
network protocol, Network topology, packet
switching, routing, broadcast networks, techniques
of local area computer networks, transmission
media(baseband/broadband), gateways, high
speed LANs, network operating systems, LAN
performance consideration. Network hardware
and software security. Case studies
 Data Communication

i. Introduction
ii. Digital Signal and Data
iii. Information sources (Characters,
image, Video, and Audio )
iv. Baud rate (signal rate)
v. Serial and parallel Transmission
 Introduction
• Data Communications deals with the
transmission of signals in a reliable and
efficient manner.
• Data transmission accept BER of 1/10000
 Types of Data and signals
• Both analog and digital information can be
encoded as either analog or digital signals.
• Based on specific requirements, media and
communication facilities available we have:
i. Digital data, digital signals
ii. Digital data, Analog signals
iii. Analog data, Digital signals
iv. Analog data, Analog signals
 Data Encoding Techniques
• Digital Data, Analog Signals [modem]
• Digital Data, Digital Signals [wired LAN]
• Analog Data, Digital Signals [codec]
– Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
– Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) [fiber]
– Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
– Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) [T1]
– Delta Modulation

. Analog Data, Analog Signal [AM FM PM]

Networks: Data Encoding 6

 Digital data, digital signals
• Digital data are the zeros and ones from
memory
• Encoded to digital signal using any one of;
– Non return to Zero-level
– Bipolar-AMI
– Manchester
– Pseudo ternary
– Differential Manchester etc
 Digital Data, Digital Signals
[the technique used in a number of LANs]

• Digital signal – is a sequence of discrete,

discontinuous voltage pulses.
• Bit duration :: the time it takes for the
transmitter to emit the bit.
• Issues
– Bit timing
– Recovery from signal
– Noise immunity

Networks: Data Encoding 8

 NRZ ( Non-Return-to-Zero) Codes
Uses two different voltage levels (one positive and one
negative) as the signal elements for the two binary
digits.
NRZ-L ( Non-Return-to-Zero-Level)
The voltage is constant during the bit interval.

  1  negative voltage
0  positive voltage

NRZ-L is used for short distances between terminal and

modem or terminal and computer.

Networks: Data Encoding 9

 NRZ ( Non-Return-to-Zero) Codes
NRZ-I ( Non-Return-to-Zero-Invert on ones)
The voltage is constant during the bit interval.

  1  existence of a signal transition at the beginning of the bit time

(either a low-to-high or a high-to-low transition) 

0  no signal transition at the beginning of the bit time

NRZI is a differential encoding (i.e., the signal is

decoded by comparing the polarity of adjacent signal
elements.)
Networks: Data Encoding 10
 Bi –Phase Codes
Bi- phase codes – require at least one transition per
bit time and may have as many as two transitions.
 the maximum modulation rate is twice that of NRZ
 greater transmission bandwidth is required.
Advantages:
Synchronization – with a predictable transition per bit
time the receiver can “synch” on the transition
[self-clocking].
No d.c. component
Error detection – the absence of an expected
transition can used to detect errors.

Networks: Data Encoding 11

 Manchester encoding
• There is always a mid-bit transition {which is used as a
clocking mechanism}.
• The direction of the mid-bit transition represents the
digital data.

1  low-to-high transition

0  high-to-low transition

Consequently, there may be a second transition at the

beginning of the bit interval.
Used in 802.3 baseband coaxial cable and CSMA/CD twisted
pair.

Networks: Data Encoding 12

Differential Manchester encoding
• mid-bit transition is ONLY for clocking.

1  absence of transition at the beginning of the bit interval

0  presence of transition at the beginning of the bit interval

Differential Manchester is both differential and bi-phase.

Note – the coding is the opposite convention from NRZI.
Used in 802.5 (token ring) with twisted pair.
* Modulation rate for Manchester and Differential Manchester
is twice the data rate  inefficient encoding for long-
distance applications.

Networks: Data Encoding 13

 Bi-Polar Encoding

1  alternating +1/2 , -1/2 voltage

0  0 voltage

• Has the same issues as NRZI for a long

string of 0’s.
• A systemic problem with polar is the
polarity can be backwards.

Networks: Data Encoding 14

 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Unipolar
NRZ

Polar NRZ

NRZ-Inverted
(Differential
Encoding)

Bipolar
Encoding

Manchester
Encoding

Differential
Manchester
Encoding

Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 3.25
 Digital data analog signals
• A modem converts digital data to an analog
signal so that it can be transmitted over
analog line. The basics techniques are
– Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
– Frequency shift keying (FSK), MFSK
– Phase shift keying (PSK), BPSK QPSK, 8-PSK etc
– Quadrature Amplitude modulation (QAM)
 Digital Data, Analog Signals
[Example – modem]

• Basis for analog signaling is a continuous,

constant-frequency signal known as the carrier
frequency.
• Digital data is encoded by modulating one of
the three characteristics of the carrier:
amplitude, frequency, or phase or some
combination of these.

Networks: Data Encoding 17

 A binary signal

Amplitude
modulation

Frequency
modulation

Phase modulation

Figure 2-24.

Networks: Data Encoding 18

 Modems
• All advanced modems use a combination of
modulation techniques to transmit multiple bits per
baud.
• Multiple amplitude and multiple phase shifts are
combined to transmit several bits per symbol.
• QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) uses multiple
phase shifts per symbol.
• Modems actually use Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM).
• These concepts are explained using constellation
points where a point determines a specific
amplitude and phase.

Networks: Data Encoding 19

 Constellation Diagrams

(a) QPSK. (b) QAM-16. (c) QAM-64.

Figure 2-25.

Networks: Data Encoding 20

 Analog data Digital signals
• Analog data such as voice and video are often
digitized to be able to use digital facilities
– Once analog data is converted to digital data, it
can be transmitted directly using NRZ-L
– The digital data can be encoded as a digital signals
and transmit with other techniques
– The digital data can be into analog signal using
ASK, PSK, QAM etc
– Device for conversion is codec (coder-decoder)
– Two digital method of conversion (PCM, and DM)
 Analog Data, Digital Signals
[Example – PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)]

The most common technique for using digital

signals to encode analog data is PCM.
Example: To transfer analog voice signals off a
local loop to digital end office within the
phone system, one uses a codec.
Because voice data limited to frequencies
below 4000 HZ, a codec makes 8000
samples/sec. (i.e., 125 microsec/sample).

Networks: Data Encoding 22

 Analog data Analog signals
• Analog data are modulated by a carrier
frequency to produce an analog signal in a
different frequency band, which can be
utilized on an analog transmission system. The
basic techniques are
– AM
– FM
– PM
 Information Representation Using Analog
Signals
• Information can be represented using analog
or Digital signals
• Analog signals cannot be manipulated easily
• Analog signals must be digitized for computer
processing
– They must also be presented in binary form for
computer processing
 Data Communication
• Examples
Real World Computer

Data Input device Data

Dear Mom: Keyboard 10110010…

Digital 10110010…
camera

pp. 59.-61
 Format must be appropriate
• The internal representation must be
appropriate for the type of processing to take
place (e.g., text, images, sound)
 Rules/Conventions
• Proprietary formats
– Unique to a product or company
– E.g., Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect, IBM Lotus Notes
• Standards
– Evolve two ways:
• Proprietary formats become de facto standards (e.g., Adobe
PostScript, Apple Quick Time)
• Committee is struck to solve a problem (Motion Pictures Experts
Group, MPEG)

pp. 61-62
 Standards Organizations
• ISO – International Standards Organization
• CSA – Canadian Standards Association
• ANSI – American National Standards Institute
• IEEE – Institute for Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
• Etc.
 Examples of Standards
Type of Data Standards
Alphanumeric ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode

Image JPEG, GIF, PCX, TIFF

Motion picture MPEG-2, Quick Time

Sound Sound Blaster, WAV, AU

Outline graphics/fonts PostScript, TrueType, PDF

 Why Standards?
• Standard are “arbitrary”
• They exist because they are
– Convenient
– Efficient
– Flexible
– Appropriate
– Etc.
 Alphanumeric Data
• Problem: Distinguishing between the number 123
(one hundred and twenty-three) and the characters
“123” (one, two, three)
• Four standards for representing letters (alpha) and
numbers
– BCD – Binary-coded decimal
– ASCII – American standard code for information
interchange
– EBCDIC – Extended binary-coded decimal interchange code
– Unicode

pp. 63-69
 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # significant
Most 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ bit 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 LeastVT
significant
ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FFbit FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
 e.g., ‘a’ = 1100001

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
 95 Graphic codes

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
 33 Control codes

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
 Alphabetic codes

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
 Numeric codes

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
 Punctuation, etc.

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
 “Hello, world” Example

Binary Hexadecimal Decimal

H = 01001000 = 48 = 72
e = 01100101 = 65 = 101
l = 01101100 = 6C = 108
l = 01101100 = 6C = 108
o = 01101111 = 6F = 111
, = 00101100 = 2C = 44
= 00100000 = 20 = 32
w = 01110111 = 77 = 119
o = 01100111 = 67 = 103
r = 01110010 = 72 = 114
l = 01101100 = 6C = 108
d = 01100100 = 64 = 100
 Common Control Codes
• CR 0Dcarriage return
• LF 0Aline feed
• HT 09 horizontal tab
• DEL 7F delete
• NULL 00 null
Hexadecimal
code