Biological Monitoring

Fatma Lestari, PhD

OHS Department
Faculty of Public Health
University of Indonesia

Email: fatma@ui.edu
http://www.k3.ui.ac.id/
Outline

 Definisi
 Tujuan

 Aplikasi

 Kelebihan & kekurangan

 Half life
 Biological monitoring
 Monitoring yang dilakukan dengan
pengambilan spesimen biologis untuk
pengukuran konsentrasi determinan toksikan
kimia yang masuk ke dalam tubuh
 Spesimen biologis yang diambil:

 Urin
 Darah
 Udara yang dikeluarkan kembali (exhaled air)
Tujuan Biomonitoring

 Mengetahui Internal Dose

 Menilai pemaparan terhadap bahan
kimiawi dan risiko kesehatan
 Efektifitas dari Program-Program
Pencegahan
 Bagian dari Program Surveillans
Kesehatan.
 Relationship between workplace air
monitoring, biological monitoring, and
target organ concentration
ENVIRONMENT
Workplace air monitoring

STORAGE CENTRAL BIOLOGICAL

COMPARTMENT COMPARTMENT DETERMINANT

TARGET
ORGAN
Biological Monitoring – Advantages and
Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
Exposed person is their own sampler
Is a measure of actual exposure
Can measure toxicant or metabolite
100% sampling time
Possibility of repeat samples
Possibility of multi-analysis
May identify unknown hazards
Will pick up huge over-exposures
Will pick up cases of poisoning
DISADVANTAGES
Biological variation
May not be specific
May be influenced by nonoccupational
factors
May be invasive
May be in quantities too small to
measure
Can require careful timing
Can be subject to contamination
Could be subject to sabotage
Can require precise collection and
preservation methods
 Two Kinds of Biological
Monitoring
 Biological monitoring of exposure (for
example, methanol in urine); or

 Biological monitoring of effect (for example,

measurement of nerve conduction velocity
in solvent exposed workers).
 Bio-monitoring
 Mengukur dosis internal dalam body fluid atau
exhaled breath (Body Burden);
 Urine;
 Darah;
 ASI, dll;
 Yang diukur adalah substansi ybs atau
metabolitnya.
 Hasil dibandingkan dengan Biological Exposure
Indices (BEI);
 Biological Monitoring Can Be
Used to Assess:
 The body burden or internal dose.
An example of such an measurement would be measuring lead in the
blood of lead workers. This provides a relatively good measure of
recent exposure to lead;

 The extent to effects that may have occured. The assessment of

liver function in workers exposed to chlorinated solvents will provide
an indication of any liver impairment that may have occured;

 Effects that occure which can be used as “sentinels” of further

effects (for example, measurement of adducts to DNA may be used to
assess exposure to some carcinogens).
 Aplikasi
 One means to assess exposure and health risk to workers
 Are not a means of prevention or protection;
 Must be conducted in conjuction with workplace environmental
monitoring;
 Should be as specific as possible to the hazard being measured;
 Do not reduce a hazard or a risk;
 Should not be used as a sole means of hazard identification;
 Should not be used to direct resources away from more
appropriate means of controlling exposure.
 Determine absorption via dermal or oral / gastrointestinal system
 Biotransformasi – Half Life
 Distribusi menuju seluruh jaringan terutama jaringan yang menjadi
depo; dan ada keseimbangan antara kadar pada jaringan depo dan
dalam darah. Sebagian menuju jaringan target. (Depo bisa jadi bukan
jaringan target).

 Metabolisme terutama di liver dengan tujuan pokok menurunkan

toksisitas dan menjadikan sifat hidrofilik untuk mempermudah ekskresi
– biotransformasi

 Namun tidak semua bahan kimiawi toksisitasnya menurun kadang-

kadang menjadi lebih toksik atau karsinogenik.

 Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengekskresikan separuh dari kadar

internal dose disebut Biological Half Life.
 SOURCES OF VARIABILITY
IN BIOLOGICAL MONITORING

 Variability in the Industrial Environment

 Variability in the Human Body

 Relationships Between Biological

Determinants and Exposure
 Sources of Pharmacokinetic
Variability
Absorption Distribution Metabolism
Route Body size Genetic factors
Physical form Body composition Age and sex
Solubility Protein binding Environment
Physical workload Physical workload (pollution, diet)
Exposure Exposure Chemical intake
concentration concentration (alcohol, medication)
Exposure duration Exposure duration Physical activity
Skin characteristics (pulmonary ventilation,
blood flow)
Protein bindng
Life style (smoking)
Exposure level
 Sampling time
 Prior to shift: 16 hrs after exposure ceases
 During shift: anytime after 2 hrs of exposure
 End of shift: ASAP after exposure ceases
 End of the workweek: after 4 or 5 sonsecutive working
days with exposure
 Discretionary: at any time
Urine Specimen acceptability

 Creatinine concentration: > 0.3 g/L & <

3.0 g/L
 Specific gravity: > 1.010 and < 1.030
 Diluar range tsb harus dibuang dan
diambil spesimen lain / diulang kembali
 Jika pekerja diketahui memiliki spesimen
urin yang tidak masuk dalam kriteria 
evaluasi medik
Biotransformasi Benzen
Biotransformasi Toluen