THEORY OF STRUCTURES

REPORT ON:

SURFACE ACTIVE STRUCTURES –

• FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE
• SHELL STRUCTURE
• BARREL VAULT
• DOME
• HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
BEENA KUMARI PRANJLI
VASHISHT 2017ARA0022
PURVA
2017ARA0023
RAMNEEK
 FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES
• THEY ARE ASSEMBLIES OF FLAT PLATES, OR SLABS,
INCLINED IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AND JOINED
ALONG THEIR LONGITUDNAL EDGES.
• IT IS CAPABALE OF CARRYING LOADS WITHOUT THE
NEED FOR ADDITIONAL SUPPORTING BEAMS ALONG
MUTUAL EDGES.

USES:
• TO CONSTRUCT ROOFS FOR INDUSTRIAL
WAREHOUSESAND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
• MATERIAL USED:
• CAST IN SITU OR PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE OR
STEEL PLATE.
• SIMPLE FORMWORK REQUIRED, AND USUALLY USE
LESS MATERIAL.
• THEY HAVE AN INTRINSIC RIGIDITY AND HIGH LOAD
CARRYING CAPACITY WHICH MAKES THEM
ECONOMICSL OVER SPANS.
 PRINCIPLES OF FOLDING
THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOLDING
STRUCTURES DEPENDS UPON:
• THE PATTERN OF THE FOLDING.
• THEIR GEOMETRICAL BASIC SHAPE
• ITS MATERIAL
• THE CONNECTION OF THE DIFFERENT FOLDING
PLATES
• THE DESIGN OF THE BEARINGS.
 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF FOLDING

LOAD DISTRIBUTION PROCESS:

• AT FIRST, THE EXTERNAL FORCES ARE
TRANSFERRED TO THE SHORTER EDGE OF ONE
FOLDING ELEMENT.
• THERE, THE REACTION AS AN AXIAL FORCE IS
DIVIDED BETWEEN THE ADJACENT ELEMENTS.
• THEN THE FORCES TRANSFERRED TO THE
BEARINGS.
 TYPES OF FOLDED STRUCTURES:-

BASED ON GEOMETRIC SHAPES FOLDED STRUCTURES CAN

BE DIVIDED INTO:

• FOLDED PLATE FRAMES STRUCTURE

-PRISMATIC :RECTANGULAR PLATES.
-PYRAMIDAL :NON-RECTANGULAR PLATES.
-PRISMOIDAL :TRIANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL PLATES.
• FOLDED PLATE SURFACES STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES
 TYPES OF FOLDED STRUCTURES :-
CLASSIFICATION OF FOLDED STRUCTURES BASED ON
THE MATERIAL THEY ARE MADE UP OF:

• FOLDED STRUCTURES MADE UP OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE
• METAL FOLDED STRUCTURES
• FOLDED STRUCTURES OF WOOD
• FOLDED STRUCTURES OF GLASS
• FOLDED CONSTRUCTIONS MADE IN COMBINATION OF
DIFFERENT MATERIALS.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
VERY LIGHT FORM OF SHUTTERING IS DIFFICULT
CONSTRUCTION. TO SPAN
30M SHELL THICKNESS
REQUIRED IS 60MM ONLY.
THE USE OF CONCRETE AS A GREATER ACCURACY IN
BUILDING MATERIAL FORMWORK IS REQUIRED
REDUCES BOTH MATERIAL
COST AND CONSTRUCTION
COST.
LONGER SPAN CAN BE GOOD LABOUR AND
PROVIDED SUPERVISION IS NECESSARY
FLAT SHAPES BY CHOOSING RISE OF ROOF MAY BE A
CERTAIN ARCHED SHAPES DISADVANTAGE
AESTHETICALLY IT LOOKS
GOOD OVER OTHER FORMS
OF CONSTRUCTION.
 APPLICATIONS:-

AS ROOF STRUCTURE AS WALL STRUCTURE

AS FLOOR STRUCTURE AS STEEL SHEET PILES

 SHELL STRUCTURE
• THE TERM “SHELL” IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE
STRUCTURES WHICH POSSES STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY
DUE TO ITS THIN, NATURAL, CURVED FORM SUCH AS SHELL
OF AN EGG, A NUT, HUMAN SKULL, SHELL OF A TURTLE.

• SHELL ROOF SHAPES ARE DIVIDED INTO 3 PARTS:

-DOMES.
-VAULTS.
-SADDLE SHAPES AND CONOIDS.

• THE STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY OF THIN, NATURAL AND

CURVED SHELL STRUCTURES MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO
CONSTRUCT SINGLE CURVED BARREL VAULT 60MM THICK
WITH SPAN OF 30M.
• THEY ARE SOMETIMES DEFINED AS SINGLE OR DOUBLE
CURVATURE SHELLS
• SINGLE CURVATURE SHELLS CURVED- ON LINEAR AXIS
• DOUBLE CURVATURE SHELL- EITHER PART OF A SPHERE AS
A DOME.
 TYPE OF SHELL ROOF FORMS

CONOID SHELLS SQUARE DOME

HYPERBOLOID OF REVOLUTION BARREL VAULT SHELL ROOF

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
VERY LIGHT FORM OF SHUTTERING PROBLEM
CONSTRUCTION. TO SPAN
30M SHELL THICKNESS
REQUIRED IS 60MM

DEAD LOAD CAN BE GREATER ACCURACY IN

REDUCED ECONOMIZING FORMWORK IS REQUIRED
FOUNDATION AND SUPPORT
SYSTEM
THEY FURTHER TAKE GOOD LABOUR AND
ADVANTAGE OF THE FACT SUPERVISION IS NECESSARY
THAT ARCH SHAPES CAN
SPAN LONGER

AETHETICALLY THEY LOOK RISE OF ROOF MAY BE A

GOOD OVER OTHER FORM DISADVANTAGE
OF CONSTRUCTION
 BARREL VAULT SHELL ROOFS
• CONSTRUCTION :
THIN MEMBERANE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE POSITIVELTY
CURVED IN ONE DIRECTION SO THAT THE VAULT ACTS AS
STRUCTURE AND ROOF SURFACE.
THICKNESS : 57-75
SPAN : 12 -30 M
WALL : NON LOAD BEARING PANEL WALL SOF BRICK ,
BLOCK
OR TIMBER BUILT BETWEEN OR ACROSS COLUMNS.
• TYPES :
• STIFFENING OF BEAMS AND ARCHES :
TO AVOID DISTORTION OF BARREL VAULT STIFFENING
BEAM
AND ARCHES ARE ACTS INTEGRALLY WITH THE SHELL.
• DOWN STAND BEAM:
150 -225 MM THICK MORE EFFICIENT BECAUSE OF ITS
DEPTH.

• UP STAND BEAM:
TO AVOID INTERRUPTION OF SOFFIT LINE OF VAULTS.
• ARCH RIBS:
LESS EFFICIENT , PROVIDED FOR APPEARANCE.
• THERMAL INSULATION :
THIN CONCRETE –POOR RESISTANCE TO TRANSFER
HEAT.
USE OF INSULATING SOFFIT LINING OR LIGHT WEIGHT
AGGREGATE SCREED.
• EDGE AND VALLEY BEAMS:
DUE TO SELF WEIGHT AND IMPOSED LOADS THIN SHELL WILL
TEND TO SPREAD AND ITS CURVATURE FLATTEN OUT .
TO RESIST THIS REINFORCED BEAM ARE CAST BETWEEN
COLUMNS
AS INTEGRAL PART OF SHELL.
EXPANSION
JOINT:
TO LIMIT
EXPANSION AND
CONTRACTION
CONTINUOUS
EXPANSION JOINT
IS USED AT AN
INTERVAL OF 30 .
CONCRTETE
SHELLS ARE
COVERED WITH
NON FERROUS
SHEE METAL ,
ASPHALT ,
BITUMEN FELT , A
PLASTIC
MEMBRANE.
STIFFENING BEAM AND ARCHES FOR
BARREL VAULT
THANK YOU…