GANGA INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING

SURFACE ACTIVE STRUCTURE

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

PRESENTED BY
SHAGUN SHARMA RISHIKA GOMA
SIKHA BERA HIMANI MALASI
PARTH NAKRA
• LONG SPAN BUILDING STRUCTURES ARE REQUIRED IN BUILDINGS WHERE A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE CONGREGATE,
ESPECIALLY IN COMPLEX AND INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS. THESE BUILDINGS HAVE LARGE SPANS AND OFTEN BIG HEIGHTS, AND
CANNOT BE CONSTRUCTED FROM COMMON STRUCTURES SUCH AS WALLS AND SIMPLE ROOFS.

• STRUCTURE WITH SPAN LARGER THAN 20M CAN BE REGARDED AS LONG SPAN STRUCTURE FOR THIS SPAN IS USUALLY UNABLE
TO BE ACHIEVED BY ORDINARY RC STRUCTURE

COMMON STRUCTURAL FORMS OF MATERIALS USED IN LONG

LONG SPAN BUILDING STRUCTURES. SPAN STRUCTURES.
• In situ RC, tensioned
• Precast concrete, tensioned • Reinforced concrete (in situ & precast)

• Structural steel – erected on spot • All metal (e.g. mild-steel, structural steel

• Structural steel – prefabricated and installed on spot • Stainless steel or alloyed aluminium 2

• Portal frame – in situ RC • Timber

• Portal frame – precast • Laminated timber

• Portal frame – prefabricated steel • Metal/ Reinforced concrete combined

• Plastic-coated Textile material

• Fibre reinforced plastic

SURFACE ACTIVE
SYSTEM
These are systems of flexible or rigid
planes able to resist tension,
compression or shear, in which the
redirection of forces is effected by
mobilization of sectional forces.
• FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE
• SHELL STRUCTURE

• BARREL VAULT

• DOME
• HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
1-FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE
❑THEY ARE ASSEMBLIES OF FLAT PLATES OR SLABS, INCLINED IN
DIFFERENT DIRECTION JOINED ALONG THEIR LONGITUDINAL
EDGE.

❑IT IS CAPABLE OF CARRYING LOADS WITHOUT THE NEED FOR

ADDITIONAL SUPPORTING BEAM ALONG MUTUAL EDGES

❑USES
o TO CONSTRUCT ROOFS FOR INDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSES AND
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

❑MATERIAL USED
o CAST IN SITU OR PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE OR STEEL
PLATE.
❑SIMPLE FORM WORK REQUIRED AND USUALLY USE LESS
MATERIAL.

❑THEY HAVE AN INTRINSIC RIGIDITY AND HIGH LOAD CARRYING

CAPACITY WHICH MAKES THEM ECONOMICAL OVER LONG
SPANS.
 PRINCIPLE OF FOLDING
❑THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOLDING STRUCTURES DEPEND
ON:
• THE PATTERN OF THE FOLDING
• THEIR GEOMETRICAL BASIC SHAPES
• IT'S MATERIAL
• THE CONNECTION OF DIFFERENT FOLDING PLATES
• THE DESIGN OF THE BEARINGS
• THE BASIC CONCEPT OF FOLDING

❑STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FOLDING

• LOAD DISTRIBUTION PROCESS
• AT FIRST THE EXTERNAL FORCES ARE TRANSFERRED TO THE SHORTER EDGE OFF 1 FOLDING ELEMENT
• THERE'S THE REACTION AS AN AXIAL FORCE IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE ADJACENT ELEMENTS
• THEN THE FORCES TRANSFER TO THE BEARINGS.
TYPES OF FOLDED
STRUCTURES

BASED ON GEOMETRIC SHAPE FOLDED STRUCTURES CAN

BE DIVIDED INTO

❑ FOLDED PLATE FRAME STRUCTURE

❑ FOLDED PLATE SURFACE STRUCTURE
o PRISMATIC RECTANGULAR PLATE

o PYRAMIDAL NON RECTANGULAR PLATE

o PRISMOIDAL: TRIANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL PLATES
❑ SPATIAL FOLDED PLATES STRUCTURE
 TYPES OF
FOLDED STRUCTURES

CLASSIFICATION OF FOLDED STRUCTURE BASED ON

THE MATERIAL THEY ARE MADE OF:
• FOLDED STRUCTURES MADE OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
• MATERIAL METAL FOLDED STRUCTURES
• FOLDED STRUCTURES FOLDED STRUCTURES OF
WOOD
• FOLDED STRUCTURE OF GLASS
• FOLDED CONSTRUCTIONS MADE IN
COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE
❑ADVANTAGES
o VERY LIGHT FORM OFF CONSTRUCTION. TWO SPAN 30
METER SHELL THICKNESS REQUIRED 60MM ONLY.
o THE USE OF CONCRETE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
REDUCES BOTH MATERIAL COST AND A CONSTRUCTION
COST.
o LONGER SPAN CAN BE PROVIDED. AIRSHIP HANGARS,ORLY
o FLAT SPACES BY CHOOSING CERTAIN ACHED SHAPES
o AESTHETICALLY IT LOOKS GOOD OVER OTHER FORM OF
CONSTRUCTION.

❑DISADVANTAGES
o SHUTTERING IS DIFFICULT.
o GREATER ACCURACY IN FARM WORK IS REQUIRED.
o GOOD LABOR AND SUPERVISION NECESSARY.
o RISE OF ROOF MAY BE A DISADVANTAGE. THE APPLICATIONS OF FOLDED STRUCTURE
2-SHELL STRUCTURE
❑ THE TERM SHELL IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURES WHICH POSES STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY
DUE TO ITS THIN ,NATURAL AND CURVED FORM SUCH AS SHELL OF EGG A NUT HUMAN SKULL
AND SHELL OF TURTLE.

❑ SHELL ROOF SHAPES DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS-

DOME,VAULTS, SADDLE SHAPES AND CONOIDS

❑ THE STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY OF THIN NATURAL CURVED SHELL STRUCTURES MAKE IT
POSSIBLE TO CONSTRUCT SINGLE CURVED BARREL VAULT 60 AND THEN THICK WITH SPAN OF 30
METERS.

❑ MATERIALS- RAINFORCED CONCRETE AS HIGHLY PLASTIC MATERIAL CAN TAKE

ANY SHAPE WHEN MIXED WITH WATER.

❑ SHELL STRUCTURE ARE SOMETIMES DESCRIBED AS SINGLE OR DOUBLE CURVATURE CELLS.

SINGLE CURVATURE SHELLS- CURVED ON AND LINEAR AXIS
DOUBLE CURVATURE SHELLS- EITHER PART OF SPHERE AS DOME OR HYPERBOLOID.
TYPES OF SHELL ROOF FORMS
ADVANTAGES AND DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SHELLS EXAMPLE

ADVANTAGES-
VERY LIGHT FORM OF CONSTRUCTION. TO SPAN
30.0 M SHELL THICKNESS REQUIRED IS 60MM
DEAD LOAD CAN BE REDUCED ECONOMIZING
FOUNDATION AND SUPPORTING SYSTEM
THEY FURTHER TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE FACT THAT
ARCH SHAPES CAN SPAN LONGER FLAT SHAPES BY
CHOOSING CERTAIN ARCHED SHAPES
ESTHETICALLY IT LOOKS GOOD OVER OTHER
FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION
DISADVANTAGES -
SHUTTERING PROBLEM
GREATER ACCURACY IN FORMWORK IS REQUIRED
GOOD LABOR AND SUPERVISION NECESSARY
RISE OF ROOF MAY BE A DISADVANTAGE

OPERA HOUSE
3- BARREL VAULT SHELL ROOFS
❑ CONSTRUCTION – THIN MEMBRANE OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE POSITIVELY CURVED IN ONE DIRECTION SO THAT
THE VAULT ACTS AS STRUCTURE AND ROOF SURFACE.
THICKNESS- 57-75
• SPAN – 12-30 M
• WALL- NONLOADBEARING PANEL WALLS OF BRICK, BLOCK
OR TIMBER BUILT BETWEEN OR ACROSS COLUMNS
❑ TYPES –
• SHORT SPAN BARREL VAULT
• LONG SPAN BARREL VAULT
❑ STIFFENING OF BEAMS AND ARCHES – TO AVOID DISTORTION
OF BARREL VAULT STIFFENING BEAM AND ARCHES ARE CAST
INTEGRALLY WITH THE SHELL.
❑ DOWN STAND BEAM – 150-225 MM THICK MORE EFFICIENT
BECAUSE OF ITS DEPTH.
❑ UP STAND BEAM – TO AVOID INTERRUPTION OF SOFFIT LINE
OF VAULTS. ARCH RIBS – LESS EFFICIENT , PROVIDED FOR
APPEARANCE
❑ THERMAL INSULATION – THIN CONCRETE- POOR RESISTANCE
TO TRANSFER HEAT USE OF INSULATING SOFFIT LINING OR
LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE SCREED
❑ EDGE AND VALLEY BEAMS – DUE
TO SELF WEIGHT AND IMPOSED
LOADS THIN SHELL WILL TEND TO
SPREAD AND ITS CURVATURE
FLATTEN OUT . TO RESIST THIS
REINFORCED BEAM ARE CAST
BETWEEN COLUMNS AS
INTEGRAL PART OF SHELL.

❑ EXPANSION JOINT – TO LIMIT

EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
CONTINUOUS EXPANSION JOINT
IS USED AT THE INTERVAL OF 30.
CONCRETE SHELLS ARE COVERED
WITH NON FERROUS SHEE
METAL, ASPHALT, BITUMEN FELT,
A PLASTIC MEMBRANE.
STIFFENING BEAM AND ARCHES FOR BARREL VAULT

EXAMPLE- EARTH INSTITUTE ,AUROVILLE

 4-WHAT ARE DOMES ?
• DOME, IN ARCHITECTURE, HEMISPHERICAL STRUCTURE EVOLVED FROM THE ARCH,
USUALLY FORMING A CEILING OR ROOF.
• A DOME CAN REST UPON A ROTUNDA OR DRUM, AND CAN BE SUPPORTED BY
COLUMNS OR PIERS THAT TRANSITION TO THE DOME THROUGH SQUINCHES OR
PENDENTIVES.

• THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY IS TO DESIGN THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A

DOME STRUCTURE SUCH AS SHELL STRUCTURE, RING BEAM, COLUMN AND FOOTING.
• THE SHAPE OF THE DOME ENCLOSES THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF SPACE WITH THE
LEAST SURFACE AREA. EDNA, TEXAS INTERNAL VIEW

❑SOME OF THE TERMINOLOGY THAT IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH DOMES

INCLUDE:
• APEX: THE UPPERMOST POINT OF A DOME (ALSO KNOWN AS THE ‘CROWN’).
• CUPOLA: A SMALL DOME LOCATED ON A ROOF OR TURRET.
• EXTRADOS: THE OUTER CURVE OF A DOME
• HAUNCH: PART OF AN ARCH THAT THAT LIES ROUGHLY HALFWAY BETWEEN THE BASE
AND THE TOP.
• INTRADOS: THE INNER CURVE OF A DOME.

• SPRINGING: THE POINT FROM WHICH THE DOME RISES.

 EXAMPLE

❑ THE STATE ASSEMBLY, IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF BHOPAL HAS BEEN DESIGNED BY ARCHITECT CHARLES CORREA FOR THE
GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH.
❑ THE VIDHAN BHAVAN IS A HUGE BUILDING, COVERING AN AREA OF MORE THAN 32,000 SQ. METERS OF BUILT SPACE.
SPACES IN VIDHAN SABHA
❑ THE UPPER HOUSE – VIDHAN PARISHAD (75 MEMBERS)
❑ THE LOWER HOUSE – VIDHAN SABHA (231 MEMBERS)
❑ THE COMBINED HALL
❑ LIBRARY
❑ THE SPEAKERS OFFICE
❑ HE CHIEF MINISTER OFFICE
❑ THE CHIEF SECRETARYAND SUPPORTING STAFF OFFICE.
❑ THE MINISTERS AND P.A’S OFFICE (70 NOS.)
❑ SERVICES, UTILITIES, AND PARKING FACILITIES
5-CONCRETE HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SHELL ROOFS
THESE CAN BE CONSTRUCTED IN REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH:-
• MINIMUM SHELL THICKNESS OF 50MM
• DIAGONAL SPANS UP TO 35M
THESE ARE CAST OVER A TIMBER FORM IN THE SHAPE OF REQUIRED HYPERBOLIC
PARABOLOID FORMAT.

TIMBER HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SHELL ROOFS

THESE ARE USUALLY CONSTRUCTED USING LAMINATED EDGE BEAMS AND LAYERS OF T AND
G BORDING TO FORM THE SHELL MEMBRANE.
ROOFS WITH PLAN SIZE
• 6M X 6M - TWO LAYERS OF BOARDS REQUIRED
• ABOVE 6M X 6M - THREE LAYERS OF BOARDS REQUIRED
EXAMPLE

THE CHURCH OF ST. ALOYSIUS

UNITED STATE
THE CHURCH OF ST.ALOYSIUS,UNITED STATES
ARCHITECT-ERDY MCHENRY ARCHITECTURE
THE HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID ROOF IS USED MOST OFTEN AS AN INEXPENSIVE SOLUTION TO LONG-SPAN ROOF
REQUIREMENTS.
IT IS USED FOR UTILITARIAN PURPOSES LIKE SPORTS ARENAS AND ATHLETIC FACILITIES.
THE TENT OF ST. ALOYSIUS CHURCH IS FABRICATED FROM STANDING SEAM METAL PANELS.
SECTION THROUGH ALTAR CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF INTERIOR OF CHURCH AXONOMETRIC
TO CREATE THE OVERALL CURVE OF THE BUILDING FORM,A SERIES OF FABRICATED CHANNELS WERE WELDED TO THE 273MM
DIAMETER CHS TOP BOOM OF EACH TRUSS.
THE CHANNELS WERE ROTATED TO VARYING DEGREES TO SUIT THE ORIENTATION OF THE PLANAR DECK.
A 3MM THICK GALVANIZED STEEL TRAY WAS BOLTED TO THE TOP OF EACH CHANNEL AND SECURED WITH SELF TAPPING
SCREWS. ROOFING PRODUCTS USED
A STRUCTURAL PLANAR DECK SYSTEM
A VAPOR CONTROL LAYER
160MM GLASS FIBER QUILT INSULATION
ALUMINUM STANDING-SEAM ROOF COVERING CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
THANK YOU