PILE

FOUNDATION

-BY

GROUP 1

KRIPA

HITESH

MARMIK

AAYUSH

ADITYA

ROHIT
 WHAT IS PILE & PILE FOUNDATION
● A PILE IS A SLENDER COLUMN MADE OF WOOD, CONCRETE OR STEEL.
● IT IS EITHER DRIVEN INTO THE SOIL OR FORMED IN SITU BY EXCAVATING A HOLE AND THEN
FILLING IT WITH CONCRETE.
● A GROUP OF PILES ARE DRIVEN TO THE REQUIRED DEPTH AND ARE CAPPED WITH R.C.C.
● PILE FOUNDATION IS THAT TYPE OF DEEP FOUNDATION IN WHICH THE LOADS ARE TAKEN TO
A LOW LEVEL BY MEANS OF VERTICAL MEMBERS.
 USES OF PILES
• WHERE THE LOAD OF THE SUPER-STRUCTURE IS HEAVY AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IS UNEVEN.
• THE TOP SOIL HAS POOR BEARING CAPACITY.
• THE SUBSOIL WATER IS HIGH SO THAT PUMPING OF WATER FROM THE OPEN TRENCHES FOR THE
SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS DIFFICULT AND UNECONOMICAL.
• LARGE FLUCTUATION IN SUBSOIL WATER LEVEL.
• THE STRUCTURE IS SITUATED ON SEA SHORE OR RIVER BED, WHERE THERE IS DANGER OF
SCOURING ACTION OF WATER.
• CANAL OR DEEP DRAINAGE LINE EXIST NEAR THE FOUNDATION.
• FOR FOUNDATION OF TRANSMISSION TOWERS AND OFFSHORE PLATFORMS WHICH ARE
SUBJECTED TO UPLIFT FORCES.
 FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF
PILE TYPE
• NATURE AND TYPE OF STRUCTURE
• LOCATION
• MATERIAL, EQUIPMENT AND FUND AVAILABILITY
• TYPE OF SOIL AND ITS PROPERTIES
• GROUND WATER TABLE
• CASE STUDY OF ADJACENT BUILDING
• FACILITY FOR PILE DRIVING
• EROSION OF SOIL NEAR STRUCTURE

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
• BASED ON FUNCTION
• BASED ON MATERIALS
• BASED ON METHOD OF INSTALLATION
 TYPES OF PILES
Based on function
• END BEARING PILE
• FRICTION PILE
• COMPACTION PILE
• TENSION PILE
• ANCHOR PILE
• FENDER PILE
• BATTER PILE
• SHEET PILE

END BEARING PILE

• PENETRATES THROUGH THE SOFT SOIL
• BOTTOM OR TIPS REST ON HARD STRATA
• WORKS AS A COLUMN
• FOR THIS PILE
QU=QP
WHERE,
QU=ULTIMATE LOAD
QP= PILE LOAD
 TYPES OF PILES
Based on function
FRICTION PILE
• LOOSE SOIL EXTEND TO A GREATER DEPTH
• PILE ARE DRIVEN AT DEPTH WHEN FRICTION
RESISTANCE DEVELOPED EQUAL TO LOAD
• IN THAT CASE QU=QS (QS= SKIN FRICTION)
• TOTAL FRICTION RESISTANCE CAN BE INCREASED
• INCREASING LENGTH AND DIAMETER
•MAKING PILE SURFACE ROUGH
• PLACING CLOSELY OR GROUPING OF PILE

COMPACTION PILE
• PILE DO NOT CARRY ANY LOAD
• FOR INCREASE THE BEARING CAPACITY OF
SOIL
 TYPES OF PILES
Based on function

TENSION PILE
• WHEN STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO UPLIFT DUE TO
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OR OVER TURNING MOMENT
• ALSO KNOWN AS UPLIFT PILE

ANCHOR PILES
• THESE PROVIDED ANCHORAGE AGAINST THE
HORIZONTAL PULL FROM SHEET PULLING OR
ANY OTHER PULLING.
 TYPES OF PILES
Based on function

FENDER PILE
• THESE ARE USED TO PROTECT WATERFRONT
STRUCTURES AGAINST IMPACT FROM SHIPS OR OTHER
FLOATING OBJECTS.

BATTER PILE
• THEY ARE USED FOR RESIST LARGE
HORIZONTAL FORCES OR INCLINED FORCES.
 TYPES OF PILES
Classification Based on Pile Material
• CONCRETE PILE
• STEEL PILES
• TIMBER PILES
• COMPOSITE PILE
• SAND PILE
CONCRETE PILES

PRECAST PILES CAST-IN-SITU

 TYPES OF PILES
Classification Based on Pile Material
CONCRETE PILE

PRECAST CONCRETE PILE

• IT IS THOSE WHICH ARE MANUFACTURED IN FACTORY OR AT A PLACE AWAY FROM
THE CONSTRUCTION SITE AND THEN DRIVEN INTO GROUND AT THE PLACE REQUIRED.
• IT REQUIRES HEAVY PILE DRIVING MACHINERY.
• IT MAY BE SQUARE, OCTAGONAL OR CIRCULAR IN CROSS SECTION.
• SIZE OF PILE VARY FROM 30 CM TO 50 CM IN CROSS SECTION AND UP TO 20 M OR
MORE LENGTH.
• GRADE OF CONCRETE SHOULD BE M20.

CAST IN SITU
• A BORE IS DUG INTO THE GROUND BY INSERTING A CASING.
• BORE IS FILLED WITH CEMENT CONCRETE AFTER PLACING REINFORCEMENT
• THE CASING BE KEPT IN POSITION OR IT MAY BE WITHDRAW.
• THE PILES WITH CASING ARE KNOWN AS CASED CAST IN SITU CONCRETE PILE.
• THE PILES WITHOUT CASING ARE KNOWN AS UNCASED CAST IN SITU CONCRETE PILE.
 TYPES OF PILES
Classification Based on Pile Material
STEEL PILES
COMMONLY USED STEEL PILES ARE;
1. H-PILES
2. BOX PILES
3. TUBE PILES

H-PILES
• THESE PILE ARE USUALLY OF WIDE
FLANGE SECTION.
• THEY ARE SUITABLE FOR TRESTLE TYPE
STRUCTURE IN WHICH PILE EXTEND
ABOVE GROUND LEVEL AND ACT AS
COLUMN.
• THEY HAVE SMALL CROSS SECTION
AREA, THERE FOR THEY CAN BE EASILY
DRIVEN IN SOIL.
• IT USED AS LONG PILE WITH HIGH
BEARING CAPACITY.
 TYPES OF PILES
Classification Based on Pile Material
BOX PILES
• THEY ARE RECTANGULAR OR
OCTAGONAL IN FORM FILLED WITH
CONCRETE.
• THESE PILE ARE USED WHEN NOT
POSSIBLE TO DRIVE H-PILES INTO HARD
STRATA.

TUBE PILES
• TUBES OR PILES OF STEEL ARE DRIVEN
INTO THE GROUND.
• CONCRETE IS FILLED INSIDE THE TUBE
PILES.
•BECAUSE OF CIRCULAR CROSS
SECTION TUBE PILES ARE EASY TO
HANDLE AND EASY TO DRIVE IN.
 TYPES OF PILES
Classification Based on Pile Material
TIMBER PILES
• THESE PILE ARE PREPARED FROM TRUNKS OF TREES.
• THEY MAY BE CIRCULAR OR SQUARE .
• DIAMETER OF PILE ARE 30 TO 50 CM AND LENGTH NOT
EXCEEDING 20 TIMES ITS TOP WIDTH.
• AT BOTTOM, A CAST-IRON SHOE IS PROVIDED AND AT
THE TOP A STEEL PLATE IS FIXED.
• FOR GROUP PILE EACH PILE IS BROUGHT AT SAME
LEVEL AND CONCRETE PLATE IS PROVIDED TO HAVE
COMMON PLATFORM.
 TYPES OF PILES
Classification Based on Pile Material

COMPOSITE PILES
• THIS IS A TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION IN
WHICH PILES OF TWO DIFFERENT
MATERIAL ARE DRIVEN ONE OVER THE
OTHER.
• THEY ACT TOGETHER TO PERFORM
THE FUNCTION OF A SINGLE PILE.
• IN THIS PILE ADVANTAGE IS TAKEN OF
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE PILES AND
THE CHEAPEST OF TIMBER PILE.
• TIMBER PILE IS TERMINATED JUST AT
THE LEVEL OF GROUND WATER TABLE.
 TYPES OF PILES
Classification Based on Pile Material
SAND PILES
• THESE PILE ARE FORMED BY MAKING
HOLE IN GROUND AND FILL WITH THE
SAND AND WELL RAMMED.
• THE SAND TO BE USED SHOULD BE
MOIST AT TIME OF PLACING.
• BORE HOLE DIAMETER USUALLY 30 CM.
LENGTH OF SAND PILE IS KEPT ABOUT 12
TIMES ITS DIAMETER.
• THE TOP OF SAND PILE IS FILLED WITH
CONCRETE.
• SAND PILE ARE PLACED AT 2 TO 3 M
SPACING.
• LOAD TEST SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT
DETERMINING THE BEARING CAPACITY OF
SAND PILE.
• PROPERLY COMPACTED SAND PILE CAN
CARRY LOAD UP TO 100 TONE/M2 OR
MORE.
 TYPES OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON METHOD OF
INSTALLATION
• DRIVEN PILE
• DRIVEN AND CAST-IN-SITU PILE
• BORE AND CAST-IN-SITU PILES
• SCREW PILES
• JACKED PILE

DRIVEN PILE
• THESE PILE ARE DRIVEN INTO GROUND BY APPLYING BLOW WITH A HEAVY
HAMMER.
• TIMBER, STEEL AND PRECAST CONCRETE PILE ARE INSTALLED BY DRIVING.
 TYPES OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON METHOD OF
INSTALLATION
DRIVEN AND CAST-IN-SITU PILE
• THESE PILE ARE FORMED BY DRIVING A
CASING WITH A CLOSED BOTTOM END
INTO THE SOIL .
• THE CASING IS LATER FILLED WITH
CONCRETE.
• THE CASING MAY OR MAY NOT BE
WITHDRAWN.

BORE AND CAST-IN-SITU PILES

• THESE PILE ARE FORMED BY
EXCAVATING A HOLE INTO THE GROUND
AND THEN FILLING IT WITH CONCRETE.
 TYPES OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON METHOD OF
INSTALLATION
JACKED PILE
• THESE PILES ARE JACKED INTO THE
GROUND BY APPLYING A DOWNWARD
FORCE BY A HYDRAULIC JACK.

SCREW PILES
 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PILES
• MOST COMMON CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PILES;
• ABSENCE OF STATISTICAL DATA OF NATURE OF
SOIL STRATA
• LOAD COMING ON PILE IS HIGH THAN DESIGN
LOAD.
• BAD WORKMANSHIP
• ATTACK BY INSETS ON WOOD
• BREAKAGE DUE TO OVER DRIVING (TIMBER PILE)
• BUCKLING OF PILE
• DAMAGE DUE TO ABSENCE OF PROTECTIVE COVER
• IMPROPER TYPE OF PILE, METHOD OF DRIVING,
CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
• INSUFFICIENT REINFORCEMENT IN CASE OF R.C.C
• MISINTERPRETATION OF RESULT FROM PILE LOAD TEST.
• WRONG FORMULA USE FOR DETERMINING LOAD BEARING CAPACITY.

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF R.C.C. PILES

• IMPROPERLY DESIGNED CONCRETE MIX.
• USE OF WRONG TYPE OF CEMENT
• INSUFFICIENT CONCRETE COVER TO THE REINFORCEMENT
• EARLY REMOVAL OF CONCRETE FORM.
• USE OF AGGREGATE THAT REACT WITH THE TYPE OF CEMENT.
 PILE ACCESSORIES :
PILE CAP
● PILES CAN BE USED INDIVIDUALLY, OR THEY CAN BE
GROUPED TOGETHER AND LINKED BY A REINFORCED
CONCRETE CAP. PILE CAPS CREATE A
STABLE FOUNDATION AND OFFER A
LARGER AREA FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF
THE BUILDING LOAD ONTO THE PILES.
● THEY ACT IN A SIMILAR WAY TO PILED RAFT
FOUNDATIONS, WHERE A CONCRETE SLAB RESTS
ON SOIL WHICH MAY BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO
MOVEMENT, ABOVE A GROUP OF PILES.
● PILE CAPS ARE CONSTRUCTED BY EXCAVATING AN
AREA AROUND THE GROUP OF PILES TO ENABLE
FORMWORK TO BE INSERTED. THE PILE TOPS MAY BE
TRIMMED TO ENSURE THEY ARE AT THE SAME
HEIGHT. A REINFORCEMENT CAGE IS THEN BUILT AND
POSITIONED IN THE FORMWORK CAST BOX AND
FASTENED TO THE PILES.
● THE CONCRETE IS THEN POURED AND LEFT TO CURE,
AFTER WHICH THE FORMWORK IS REMOVED.
 PILE ACCESSORIES :
PILE CAP
● GENERALLY, PILE CAP IS MADE OF STEEL. THICKNESS
AND SIZE OF CAP IS DEPEND ON SHAPE AND SIZE OF
PILE HAMMER.
● PILE SHOULD PENETRATE INTO THE CAP AT LEAST 10
CM LENGTH.
● FOR GROUP PILE A COMMON R.C.C. IS PROVIDED FOR
ALL THE PILE.
● THE NUMBER OF PILES IN THE GROUP, AND THE
SPACING BETWEEN THEM, DETERMINES THE SHAPE
AND PLAN DIMENSIONS OF THE PILE CAP.
● THE SHAPES OF PILE CAPS ARE TYPICALLY EITHER:
● TRIANGULAR (FOR 3 PILES).
● HEXAGONAL (FOR 6-7 PILES).
● RECTANGULAR (FOR ALL OTHER NUMBER OF PILES)
● IT IS USUAL FOR A PILE CAP TO BE OF A GREATER
DEPTH THAN A COMPARABLE PAD FOOTING AS IT
IS TYPICALLY SUBJECT TO HIGHER BENDING
MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES. THE PILE CAP
ACHIEVES GREATER RIGIDITY FROM THE
INCREASED DEPTH, WHICH ENABLES IT TO EVENLY
SPREAD THE LOAD TO ALL PILES IN THE GROUP.
 PILE CAP: USES
● TO PROTECT THE TOP OF PILE FROM
BLOW OF HAMMER ON TOP, PILE CAP IS
PROVIDED.
● PILE CARRY LOAD FROM STRUCTURE AND
DISTRIBUTE IT TO VARIOUS PILE.

● THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE DEPTH

OF THE PILE CAP INCLUDE:
● THE SHEAR CAPACITY OF THE PILE CAP.
● SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING OF
THE GROUND (PARTICULARLY IN CLAY SOILS).
● PILE ANCHORAGE.
● THE GROUND’S WATER TABLE.
● THE POSSIBILITY OF FROST ATTACK
 PILE ACCESSORIES
PILE SHOE

● PILE SHOE IS FITTED AT BOTTOM

END OF PILE TO PROTECT THE PILE
AND TO FACILITATE EASY PILE
DRIVING.
• PILE SHOE ARE MADE OF CAST IRON,
STEEL OR WROUGHT IRON.

• VARIOUS TYPES OF SHOE ARE;

▪ SQUARE PILE SHOE
▪ WEDGED SHAPED PILE SHOE
▪ ROUND PILE SHOE
▪ STEEL TRAP PILE SHOE FOR TIMBER
PILE
▪ SOCKET TYPE PILE SHOE FOR TIMBER
PILE
▪ CLOSED END SHOE FOR PIPE PILES
 MICRO PILING

• A Micropile is a small diameter,

typically less than 300mm.
• A drilled and grouted no
displacement pile which is heavily
reinforced and carries most of its
loading on the high capacity steel
reinforcement.
• Reinforcement and cement grout are
the major component of micro pile.
• It also known as mini pile.

Advantages of micro pile

• It used to underpin the existing structure where need of minimum vibration
• It can be easily laid where low head room is constraint.
• It can be installed at any angle.
• It offers practical and cost effective solution to costly alternative pile system.
• Not require large access road or drilling platforms
 MICRO PILING
Construction of micro pile

Following step are carried out for construction of micro pile.

▪ Drilling and/or installation of temporary casing
▪ Remove inner drilling bit rod.
▪ Placing reinforcement and grouting by tremie.
▪ Remove temporary casing, inject further grout under pressure.
▪ Complete pile (casing may be left in place of compressible stratum)
 MICRO PILING
APPLICATION OF MICRO PILE

FOR STRUCTURE SUPPORT FOR SITU REINFORCEMENT

• SLOPE STABILIZATION
• EARTH RETENTION
• GROUND STRENGTHENING AND PROTECTION
• SETTLEMENT REDUCTION
• NEW FOUNDATION
• UNDERPINNING OF EXISTING FOUNDATION
• SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF EXISTING STRUCTURE
• SCOUR PROTECTION
• EXCAVATION SUPPORT IN CONFINED AREA
 LINKS
• http://www.reidmiddleton.com/reidourblog/timber-pile-removal-and-the-benefits-to-o
ur-environment/
• https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pile_cap
• https://www.slideshare.net/sameerthaiyam1/pile-foundation-87349854?from_action=s
ave
• https://bmtpc.org/Topics.aspx?type=sub&mid=348
• https://www.theconstructioncivil.org/precast-concrete-piles/
• https://www.google.com/search?q=timber+pile&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjt3OjUlLHrAh
XS0HMBHTbYBnkQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=TIM+pile&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgCMgIIADICCAA
yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeMgYIABAHEB4yBgg
AEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeUIv0AVi5-gFg1ocCaABwAHgAgAGpA4gBmgaSAQkwLjEuMS4wLjGY
AQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=2UpCX62MEtKhz7sPtrCbyAc&b
ih=888&biw=1920
• https://www.google.com/search?q=CAST+IN+SITU+PILES&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiwn
uOhm7HrAhXg1HMBHfUqAgsQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=CAST+IN+SITU+PILES&gs_lcp=CgNpb
WcQAzIECAAQQzICCAAyBAgAEB4yBggAEAUQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAIEB4yBAgAEBgyB
AgAEBgyBAgAEBgyBAgAEBg6BAgjECc6BQgAELEDOgcIABCxAxBDUKjKAliM8QJgp_ICaABw
AHgAgAHpAYgBjRmSAQYwLjEyLjWYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img
&ei=xVFCX_CnEuCpz7sP9dWIWA&bih=888&biw=1920#imgrc=eo1eRgwUj4mmVM
THANK
YOU