TAIPEI 101

GROUP -3
 TAIPEI - 101
➢ ALTERNATIVE NAME -TAIPEI FINANCIAL
➢ ARCHITECT -C.Y.LEE & PARTNER
➢ CONSTRUCTION START -1999
➢ CONSTRUCTION END -2004
➢ BUILDING COSTS -$1,760,000,000
➢ COORDINATES - 25*2’1” N 121*33’54”E
➢ OPENING -31 DECEMBER 2004
➢ OWNER -TAIPEI FINANCE
CENTER CORPORATION
➢ COUNTRY - CHINA [TAIWAN]
➢ CITY -TAIPEI
➢ BUILDING FUNCTION -OFFICE AND MALL
➢ ENERGY LABEL LED -PLATINUM
WORLD’S TALLEST BUILDINGS

CURRENTLY WORLD’S 10TH TALLEST BUILDING

➢ SITE AREA -30,277 SQM
➢ TOTAL FLOOR AREA -379,296 SQM
➢ SHOPPING MALL FLOOR AREA [NOT INCLUDING PARKING LOT]
-78,491SQM
➢ OFFICE BUILDING FLOOR AREA -215,767 SQM
➢ TOTAL WEIGHT -700,000 TONS
➢ CONSTRUCTION TIMES -6 YEARS [2004 TO 2010]
➢ CREW -2,000 WORKERS
➢ COST - $1.8 BILLION

STRUCTURE IN GENERAL

➢ BUILDING TYPE -SKYSCRAPER

➢ BUILDING STATUS -EXISTING[COMPLETED]
➢ STRUCTURAL SYSTEM -CORE PLUS OUT TRIGGER
➢ STRUCTURAL MATERIAL -COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
➢ FACADE MATERIAL -GLASS
➢ FACADE SYSTEM- CURTAIN WALL
➢ FACADE COLOR -GREEN
➢ THE TAIPEI 101 INCLUDES: OFFICE ,COMMUNICATION , CONFERENCE ROOM,
LIBRARY,OBSERVATION,RESTAURANT,RETAIL,AND A FITNESS CENTRE
 TECHNICAL DATA

➢ HEIGHT[ARCHITECTURAL TIP]
509.20 M
➢ HEIGHT [MAIN ROOF] 449.20 M
➢ HEIGHT [TOP FLOOR] 439.20M
➢ HEIGHT [OBSERVATION
FLOOR] 392.00M
➢ HEIGHT [OBSERVATION DECK]
391.80 M
➢ HEIGHT [FLOOR CEILING] 2.85
M
➢ FLOORS[ABOVE GROUND] 101
➢ FLOORS [BELOW GROUND] 5
➢ ELEVATORS 61
➢ ESCALATORS 50
➢ PARKING PLACES 1,800
CONCEPT

➢ IT IS INSPIRED BY ANCIENT PAGODAS

AND BAMBOO FOR ITS STRENGTH.

101 FLOORS ( OFFICE)

5 FLOORS ( MALL)
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE
➢ INTERIOR STRUCTURE - IT IS A
DOUBLE TUBE STRUCTURE
WHICH HAS STEEL FRAME FOR
OUTER TUBE AND STEEL AND
CONCRETE COLUMNS TO
CREATE INNER TUBE.
➢ EXTERIOR STRUCTURE - IN
CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS TAIPEI 101 COMES
UNDER INTERIOR , OUTRIGGER
STRUCTURE
TYPICAL FLOOR FRAMING PLANS

LOWER STORIES
(1ST TO 25TH )

UPPER STORIES
( 26TH TO 91ST )
MEGA COLUMNS SLOPING COLUMNS
SLOPING COLUMNS

➢ THE WALLS IN TRUNCATED

PYRAMID BASE ARE OF 5 AND 7
DEGREE SLOPE
MATERIALS
➢ THERE ARE THREE MAIN MATERIALS USED IN
TAIPEI 101.
➢ STEEL ( 80% -420 MPa ) - 5 TYPES OF STEELS
ARE PRODUCED TO USE IN THIS STRUCTURE
.
➢ CARBON ALLOY AND REFINED IRON ARE
MIXED IN DIFFERENT QUANTITIES TO
PRODUCE DIFFERENT STRENGTHS OF
STEEL .
➢ MORE CARBON - MORE STIFFNESS
➢ SOFT TO WELD
➢ ABLE TO CARRY BULK WEIGHT
➢ FLEXIBLE WHEN HIT BY EARTHQUAKE
➢ CONCRETE ( 70 MPa ) - USED IN MEGA
COLUMNS TILL 62ND FLOOR (60%STRONGER
THAN OTHERS).
➢ GLASS- BLUE GREEN GLASS CURTAIN WALLS ARE
DOUBLE-PANED AND GLAZED TO PROVIDE HEAD AND UV
PROTECTION AND BLOCK EXTERNAL HEAT BY 50 %
STIFF AND FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE
➢ TAIPEI 101 IS LOCATED IN TYPHOON AND EARTHQUAKE
PRONE AREA WITH HEAVY WINDS AT 156 KMPH
(SEISMIC ZONE) IN TAIWAN .
➢ IT ALSO HAS VERY POOR SOIL CONDITION WITH CLAY ,
SANDSTONE AND UNSTABLE CONDITIONS FOR
CONSTRUCTION.
➢ SO BUILDING A VERY TALL STRUCTURE THERE IS VERY
CHALLENGING .
➢ TO OVERCOME THIS SITUATION DESIGNERS CAME UP
WITH IDEA OF BUILDING STIFF AND FLEXIBLE
STRUCTURE SO THAT THE STRUCTURE IS STIFF WHEN
TYPHOON HITS AND FLEXIBLE WHEN EARTHQUAKE
OCCURS.
➢ TO SATISFY THESE NEEDS THEY SELECTED STEEL AND
CONCRETE
➢ IN WHICH STEEL , HIGH IN TENSION AND FLEXIBLE AND
CONCRETE HIGH IN COMPRESSION AND STIFF .
WIND 156 KMPH /
97MPH LARGE CROSS
WIND FORCES
SAW TOOTH OR
DOUBLE NOTCH
CORNERS
40% LESS
WIND FORCE
EFFECT
 TUNED MASS DAMPER

➢ IT IS A HUGE BALL SHAPED MASS HANGING FROM

92ND FLOOR TO 86TH FLOOR TO COUNTER THE
EFFECT OF WIND .
➢ IT IS MADE OF 41 ,125MM THICK PRECAST PLATES
AND THEN WELDED TOGETHER TO CREATE
MASSIVE DAMPER AND THEN HUNG USING 16 ,10
CM CABLES AND TUNED TO SWING EXACTLY THE
OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE BUILDING WHEN
MOVED BY WIND.
➢ IN UNEXPECTED SITUATIONS WHEN DAMPER
MOVES EXCESSIVELY OR OUT OF SYNCH WITH
THE BUILDING THE BALL IS ATTACHED TO SERIES
OF HYDRAULIC DASHPOTS LIKE MEGA SHOCK
ABSORBERS THAT STOPS THE BALLS MOVEMENT
 5.5 M DIAMETER

6m

660 TONS
HYDRAULIC DASHPOTS
TMD IS ATTACHED TO
HYDRAULICS DASHPOTS
LIKE MEGA SHOCK
ABSORBERS,WHICH
CREATES GOLDEN
EFFECT
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

➢ Outriggers ties two structural Belt truss

parts core & perimeter, which
resists the rotation,causing the
lateral deflections and
CORE
moments in core,which
transfers perimeter load to
mega structure. PERIMETER

➢ Belt trusses are designed to

distribute the tensile and
compressive forces,

OUTRIGGER
LOCATION OF ELEMENTS

At the base of taipei 101, belt At the upper level of taipei 101,
trusses are located at depth of belt trusses are located at depth
2 floors(9m),at 9th,19th &27th of 1 floors(4.5m).
levels
MEGA COLUMNS
➢ 700,000 TONS OF SOIL IS EXCAVATED BEFORE
CONSTRUCTION.
➢ 23000 CUBIC METER CONCRETE SLAB SITS ON 382
REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES .
➢ 8 MEGA COLUMNS ARE CONSTRUCTED USING 80 MM
THICK STEEL PLATES AND CONCRETE.
➢ FROM START TO FINISH EACH SUPER COLUMN BOX
SECTION TAKES FOUR MONTHS TO MAKE , WEIGHTS 90
TONS AND ALMOST 2 STORY HEIGHT.
➢ EACH OF THESE COLUMNS WILL NEED 50 OF SUCH
SECTIONS THAT IS MORE THAN 400 FOR TOTAL BUILDING
➢ HERE COMES THE MAIN CHALLENGE TO JOIN ALL OF THEM
TO MAKE A SINGLE UNIT .
➢ EACH JOINT MUST BE WELDED SO CAREFULLY AND IT
TAKES 14 HRS FOR EACH JOINT TO WELD THAT MEANS 2
YEARS FOR WELDING SUPER COLUMNS.
➢ THEN THE CONCRETE MIX WHICH HAS 60% MORE
STRENGTH IS POURED INTO THEM .
➢ THESE MEGA COLUMNS ARE BUILD UP TO LEV 90 AND
FILLED WITH CONCRETE TILL 62ND LEVEL
 8
MEGA COLUMN FLOORS
FILLED WITH EACH
REINFORCED
CONCRETE TILL
62ND FLOOR 8 MODULES

MEGA COLUMN
CONSISTING OF
REINFORCED
CONCRETE

TOTAL 8 MEGA
COLUMNS
 SIX SELF ERECTING ADVANCED CRANES ARE USED TO SHIP THOUSAND
OF TONS STRAIGHT UP TO PLACE IN SINGLE DAY

CORE

BRACED BY
MOMENT
FRAMES
BOX
COLUMNS
FILLED WITH
CONCRETE
TILL 62ND
LEVEL

THE BRACED CORE IS COVERED WITH CONCRETE WALLS FROM FOUNDATION TO 8TH FLOOR
FOUNDATION DETAILS
One of the most stable buildings ever constructed

• Reinforced by 382 piles driven 262 feet into the ground,

extending as far as 30 meters (98 ft. ) into the bedrock.

• Each pile is 5 feet in diameter and can withstand a load of

1100-1450 tons, that is 2,900,000 pounds each.The Building
stand right beside the fault line and it is situated in one of the
most active typhoon zones.

• 660 feet away from a fault line

• Soft rock occurs beneath 40 to 60 m of clay and stiff unstable

soil. The design required a 21 m deep basement.

• The plies are topped by a foundation slab which is 3m thick at

the edges and up to 5m thick under the largest of columns

• There are a total of 380 1.5m dia. Tower piles.

For supporting the huge loads transferred to the foundation through the structure components of
the main tower, three types of foundations, large diameter caisson, barrette, and large diameter
bored piles were evaluated .
Soil Type
● 660 feet away from a fault line
● 21m deep basement
○ Groundwater usually 2m below the surface
○ Soft rock usually 40-50m below colluvial soils
and clay
● 2 Slurry Wall System
○ One around both the tower and the podium
foundation
○ Second around just the tower foundation
● Drilled Piers
○ Continuous concrete matt transfers point loads
○ 380 piers driven 262 ft into the ground
○ 5ft in diameter and can withstand 1100-1450
tons each
 Reverse Circulation Drilling System (RCDS) has been
developed in order to drill or socket hard rock.
The reverse circulation drilling system consists of a tool fitted
with roller cutter bits, which penetrates continuously into the
soil or rock by rotation, thrust and/or weight.
The RCD system is operated once the pile is bored to the top
of the rock or to the maximum depth reached by the
interlocking Kelly bars. Once the final depth is reached the
REVERSE CIRCULATION PILE
RCD string is removed from the shaft and disassembled.
CONCLUSION

Challenges Structural Strategies

Wind Central core
Trusses and Bracing
Height Truncated Pyramid Base
Seismic Flexible but Sturdy Materials
Mass Damper
Foundation 2 Slurry Wall System
Drilled Piers

Taipei 101 honors the traditional Chinese Pagoda style with an innovative twist on
handling the extreme lateral loads that come from being one of the tallest buildings
in the world.
REFERENCES
https://www.tripsavvy.com/taipei-101-tower-facts-1458242
https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/t101/t101.html
https://www.cylee.com/about http://www.egc.com.tw/index.php?lang=en-us
http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/671/taipei-101-a-case-study
https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/taipei-101/117
http://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/1650-structural-design-of-taipei
-101-theworlds-tallest-building.pdf