SUBJECT CODE:18GA140

BUILDING STRUCTURES AND SERVICES

ASSIGNMENT
ON
SKYSCRAPER
EXAMPLE
PETRONAS TOWER,MALAYSIA
BY
KARTHIKEYANI S
M.ARCH FIRST YEAR(2020-2022)BATCH
THIYAGARAJAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
MADURAI.
 ARCHITECT - CESAR PELLI
CLIENT - KUALA LAMPUR CITY CENTER HOLDING SDN BHD
DESIGN - 1991
DATE OF COMPLETEION - 1998 AUG 28
LOCATION - KLLC , Jalan Ampang of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
CTBUH RANK - 1998-2004 (TALLEST BUILDING IN THE WORLD)
TOWER1 - Petronas head quarter
TOWER2 - Local and international private, Tenants, Klcc holdings
SKY BRIDGE: - centre-line span: 58.44 metres; width, 5.29 metres ,
- Height:9.45 metres
INTRODUCTION
HEIGHT
ANTENNA SPIRE 451.9M(1,483ft)
ROOF 378.6M(1,242ft)
TOP FLOOR 375M(1,230ft)
TECHNICAL DETAILS
FLOOR COUNT 88
FLOOR AREA 3,95,000M²(4,252,000sqft)
ELEVATOR COUNT 28-DOUBLE DECKER (HS)
ESCALATORS 10 IN EACH TOWERS
 • In early 1981 the Malaysian Government decided to move the
Selangor Turt Club and its horse-racing track from the heart of the city
HISTORICAL to the periphery and to redevelop the site to meet the demands of
urban and economic growth.
BACKGROUND • In the 1990’s the project become a principal part of the wawshan
2020,proposed by Dr.Mahathir Mohammed,the former prime minister
of Malaysia,as part of his government plan for Malaysian progress at
that time.
• Petronas, short for "Petroliam Nasional", is the Malaysian national
petroleum company.
• The Petronas Company occupies all of tower one.
• towers contain more than eight million square feet of shopping and
entertainment facilities, underground parking for 4,500 cars, a
petroleum museum, a symphony hall, a mosque, and a multimedia
conference center.
• •Each tower's floor plan forms an eight-pointed star, a design inspired
by traditional Malaysian Islamic patterns.
• The 88-story towers, joined by a flexible skybridge on the 42nd floor,
have been described as two "cosmic pillars" spiraling endlessly
towards the heavens.
SKELETON FRAME
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
• Structural system -75-by-75 foot concrete cores .
• An outer ring of widely spaced super columns
concrete. placed on the inner corners of the star
UPTO 43 FLOOR shaped plan
• The core structure of each tower is composed of a
ring of 16 cylindrical columns of high strength
reinforced concrete.
• The columns size from 2.4 in diameter at the lowers
to 1.2meters in diameter at the top ,and are placed
at the outside corners
• The columns are linked with a series of concrete core
walls and ring beams
• These movement -resistant and damper-free
ABOVE 43 FLOOR structures can be described as a pair of “soft tubes”.
• There are actually two concentric pressurized cores
in the structure, and the two cores unit at the 38th
floor of each tower.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
•At the center of each tower is an
approximately 23by23 meter concrete
core
•The cores create two virtually “solid”
walls running north-south and east
west.
•Structures steel was used for typical
long span floor beams.
•There is a sky bridge at level 41
because it had to accommodation
differing movements from each other.
•The two-hinged arch springs from
supports at level 29 and rises at 63 to
support a pair of parallel two span
continuous bridge girders at level forty-
one.
MATERIALS • The petronas Towers development marked the first use of
high strength concrete in malaysia by local industry, at
relatively economic cost.
• Local materials such as Malaysian wood, Terengganu
granite, marble and glass were extensively used
• The components of the stainless -steel cladding and
vision -glass walls were fabricated locally in Malaysia by a
US firm.
• High-strength concrete was used in the central core,
perimeter columns, perimeter ring beams and outrigger
beams.
• The towers and their base are clad with stainless steel
extrusions and custom made 20.38 millimetre laminated
light green glass.
• The sunscreens have cast aluminium end caps and are
fixed on brackets made of extruded aluminium and finished
with oven-cured PVF2 fluorocarbon paint.
FOUNDATION
• Engineers: Tomasetti Engineers
• Contractors: Mayjus and SKJ joint
ventures
• Soil type-: Limestone bedrock (Kenny
Hill soil)
• Foundation: 104-concrete piles,60-114
m(197to374ft)deep were bored in to
the ground.
• Structural system :Tube in tube
design,invented by bangladesh
engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan
• Tower weight: 300.000metric tones
(each tower)
FLOOR PLANS
 DAMPERS
•Rubber sheathed heavy
galvanized ship anchor chain
freely swinging within a steel
pipe acts as an
inexpensive,efective damper.
•Cylindrical towers sustain
vortex shedding.
MAINTENANCE The scope of maintenance and facility
management tasks is categorized into several
parts:
1. Building control system.
2. Vertical transportation
3. Power distribution
4. Energy management,
5. Telecommunication
6. Fire alarm system,
7. House keeping,
8. Safety and security management
9. Tenant services.
•Full cleaning is undertaken every six months
to maintain the luster of the stainless steel.
•The intelligent building system comprises
features which coordinate and manage
telecommunications, environment and
climate control, power supply and lighting,
fire and smoke control, evacuation and
emergency protocols, and building security.
THE SKY BRIDGE
•Designed to function as a building exit in
emergencies
•Shallow girder system for the walkway,
supported at mid-span by a three-hinged arch
•Inverted “v” shape , 3-pinned arch supports the
bridge in the centre accommodating all
movements while maintaining it equidistant
from both towers.
•The Bridge relies on the towers for gravity and
lateral support. but allows them to move freely.
This avoids the potentially damaging forces that
can results when trying to restrain large moving
buildings.
•The Central Telecommunications Office (CTO) of
the Towers is the hub of inter-tower connectivity
and a gateway to any communicable point on the
globe.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

•The foundation system of the

towers consists of a 4.5 meter
thick piled raft supported on
rectangular friction piles
(barrettes)varying in depth
from 40metre-105metres,to
control predicted settlement
under different thickness of
Kenny Hill formation underlain
by limestone.
•Each foundation consists of
104 barrettes (rectangular in-
situ piles up to 1.2by 2.8
metres.
 •The building need to accommodate structures shrinkage and structure
movement/sway due to wind load risers. The required an innovative
piping solution.
•Victualic style 75 flexibe couplings were used for angular deflection of
branches to the air handling unit on every floor.
•Victualic style 155 expansion joints used as flexible connectors,were
installed at strategic locations on potable water and wet risers.

HVAC SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

SERVICES PIPE MATERIALS PIPE SIZE RANGE
Chilled water Carbon steel 4”(114.3mm)

Fire protection Carbon steel 2 ½ “-8”(73-219mm)

Potable water Galvanized 6”(168.3mm)

 DISTRICT COOLING
• The indoor climate of the huge Petronas Towers is provided through a
sophisticated district cooling network with a central chiller feeding the air
conditioning systems around the building.
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS
•Four very large, gasket plate heat exchangers from Alfa Laval act as
district cooling substations, while six others are circuit breakers on
intermediate levels, to counter the enormous vertical pressure created by
the height of the building.
SERVICES PRODUCTS INSTALLED IN EACH TOWER
•District Cooling Applications
Plate heat exchangers MX25B-FD (3)
•Pressure Breaker Application
Plate heat exchangers M15B-FG (2)
THE ELEVATOR SYSTEM
• The PETRONAS Twin Towers is equipped with 29 double-decker high-
speed passenger lifts, six heavy duty service lifts and four executive lifts in
each tower.
Two sets of six double-decker lifts serve levels 1 to 23 and levels 1 to 37.
Another set of five double-decks lifts take passengers directly to the Sky
Lobbies of Level 41 and 42 where they change lifts to the upper zones.
 • The Towers' fire control system is integrated into the design of the
floor-by-floor air-handling system, which controls smoke in the event
of fire by intelligent pressure systems which automatically isolate the
fire floor from adjacent floors.
•This prevents the passage of smoke through the building and allows
the specific expulsion of a body of contaminated air.
•The occupants of the floor on fire can be safely evacuated to adjacent
smoke-free floors.
•The Gas District Cooling (GDC) system caters to the air conditioning
FIRE SAFETY needs of approximately 8 million sq ft of enclosed space that include
the PETRONAS Twin Towers. This prevents the passage of smoke
through the building and allows the specific expulsion of a body of
contaminated air.
•The occupants of the floor on fire can be safely evacuated to adjacent
smoke-free floors.
•The system also produces electricity thus making the buildings self-
sufficient and reducing their dependence on the National Electricity
Grid.
 1.ESCAPE STAIR
2.SERVICE LIFT
3.LIFT LOBBY
4.LAVATORIES
5.RISERS
6.OFFICE

LEVEL 43 PLAN
FIRE ELEVATOR Fire Elevator

Service Elevator
STAIR AND FIRE
EXIT
STAIR AND FIRE EXIT
THANK YOU