Write about system unit parts

 Motherboard
• A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, main circuit board, system board, baseboard, planar
board or logic board,[1] or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in general purpose
computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic
components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other
peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems such as the central processor,
the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general
purpose use and applications.

• Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is often
referred to as the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and
daughtercards: sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, or other forms of persistent storage; TV tuner
cards, cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components.

• Similarly, the term mainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such
as controlling boards in laser printers, televisions, washing machines, mobile phones and other embedded systems with
limited expansion abilities.

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 CPU
• A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor or main processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer
that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output
(I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The computer industry has used the term "central processing unit" at least since
the early 1960s.[1] Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit
(CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry.[2]

• The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation
remains almost unchanged. Principal components of a CPU include the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and
logic operations, processor registers that supply operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations and a control unit
that orchestrates the fetching (from memory) and execution of instructions by directing the coordinated operations of the ALU,
registers and other components.

• Most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip. An IC that
contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, and other components of a computer; such integrated devices
are variously called microcontrollers or systems on a chip (SoC). Some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a
single chip containing two or more CPUs called "cores"; in that context, one can speak of such single chips as "sockets".[3]

• Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, with no unit considered central. There
also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources.[4]

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 HARD DISK DRIVE
• A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk,[b] is an electro-mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve
digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually
arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces.[2] Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual
blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when
powered off.[3][4][5]

• Introduced by IBM in 1956,[6] HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general-purpose computers by the early 1960s. Continuously
improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers. More than 224 companies have produced HDDs
historically, though after extensive industry consolidation most units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital. HDDs dominate the volume
of storage produced (exabytes per year) for servers. Though production is growing slowly, sales revenues and unit shipments are declining because solid-state
drives (SSDs) have higher data-transfer rates, higher areal storage density, better reliability,[7] and much lower latency and access times.[8][9][10][11]

• The revenues for SSDs, most of which use NAND, slightly exceed those for HDDs.[12] Though SSDs have nearly 10 times higher cost per bit, they are
replacing HDDs in applications where speed, power consumption, small size, and durability are important.[10][11]

• The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance. Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1-terabyte
(TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes (GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes). Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it
is used by the file system and the computer operating system, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. Also there is confusion
regarding storage capacity, since capacities are stated in decimal Gigabytes (powers of 10) by HDD manufacturers, whereas some operating systems report
capacities in binary Gibibytes, which results in a smaller number than advertised. Performance is specified by the time required to move the heads to a track or
cylinder (average access time) adding the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head (average latency, which is a function of the physical
rotational speed in revolutions per minute), and finally the speed at which the data is transmitted (data rate).

• The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch, for desktop computers, and 2.5-inch, primarily for laptops. HDDs are connected to systems
by standard interface cables such as PATA (Parallel ATA), SATA (Serial ATA), USB or SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) cables.

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 POWER SUPPLY
• A power supply unit (or PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal
components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use switched-mode power supplies.
Some power supplies have a manual switch for selecting input voltage, while others automatically adapt to
the mains voltage.

• Most modern desktop personal computer power supplies conform to the ATX specification, which includes
form factor and voltage tolerances. While an ATX power supply is connected to the mains supply, it always
provides a 5 Volt standby (5VSB) voltage so that the standby functions on the computer and certain
peripherals are powered. ATX power supplies are turned on and off by a signal from the motherboard.
They also provide a signal to the motherboard to indicate when the DC voltages are in spec, so that the
computer is able to safely power up and boot. The most recent ATX PSU standard is version 2.31 as of mid-
2008.

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 RAM
• A RAM drive (also called a RAM disk) is a block of random-access memory (primary storage or volatile memory) that a computer's
software is treating as if the memory were a disk drive (secondary storage). It is sometimes referred to as a virtual RAM drive or software
RAM drive to distinguish it from a hardware RAM drive that uses separate hardware containing RAM, which is a type of battery-backed
solid-state drive.
 ROM
• A ROM cartridge, usually referred to simply as a cartridge or cart, is a removable memory card containing ROM designed to be
connected to a consumer electronics device such as a home computer, video game console or, to a lesser extent, electronic musical
instruments. ROM cartridges can be used to load software such as video games or other application programs.

• The cartridge slot could also be used for hardware additions, for example speech synthesis. Some cartridges had battery-backed static
random-access memory, allowing a user to save data such as game progress or scores between uses.

• ROM cartridges allowed the user to rapidly load and access programs and data without the expense of a floppy drive, which was an
expensive peripheral during the home computer era, and without using slow, sequential, and often unreliable Compact Cassette tape. An
advantage for the manufacturer was the relative security of the software in cartridge form, which was difficult for end users to replicate.
However, cartridges were expensive to manufacture compared to making a floppy disk or CD-ROM. As disk drives became more
common and software expanded beyond the practical limits of ROM size, cartridge slots disappeared from later game consoles and
personal computers. Cartridges are still used today with handheld gaming consoles such as the Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation
Vita, and the tablet-like hybrid console Nintendo Switch.

• Due to its widespread usage for video gaming, a ROM cartridge is often colloquially referred to as a game cartridge.

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 CMOS BATTERY
• The memory battery (aka motherboard, CMOS, real-time clock (RTC), clock battery)[3][4] is generally a
CR2032 lithium coin cell. This cell battery has an estimated life of 3 years when power supply unit (PSU)
is unplugged or when the PSU power switch is turned off.[5][6] This battery type, contrary to popular
belief, is not rechargeable and trying to do so may result in an explosion. Motherboards have circuitry
preventing batteries from being charged and discharged when a motherboard is powered on. Other
common battery cell types can last significantly longer or shorter periods, such as the smaller CR2016
which will generally last about 40% less time than CR2032. Higher temperatures and longer power-off
time will shorten battery cell life. When replacing battery cell, the system time and CMOS BIOS settings
may revert to default values. Unwanted BIOS reset may be avoided by replacing battery cell with PSU
power switch turned on and plugged into electric socket on the wall. On ATX motherboards, turning on
power switch on PSU, will supply 5V standby power to the motherboard to keep CMOS memory energized
during computer turned off period.

• Some computer designs have used non-button cell batteries, such as the cylindrical "1/2 AA" used in the
Power Mac G4 as well as some older IBM PC compatibles, or a 3-cell NiCd CMOS battery that looks like a
"barrel" (common in Amiga and older IBM PC compatibles), which serves the same purpose. These
motherboards often have a four pin straight header, with pin two missing, to connect an external 3.6v
battery, such as the Tadiran TL-5242/W, when their soldered on batteries die.

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 DVD DRIVER
• In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disc drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum
as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from certain discs, but recent drives can both
read and record, also called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read
and recorded by such drives. Optical disc drives that are no longer in production include CD-ROM drive, CD writer drive, combo (CD-RW/DVD-
ROM) drive, and DVD writer drive supporting certain recordable and rewritable DVD formats (such as DVD-R(W) only, DVD+R(W) only, DVD-
RAM only, and all DVD formats except DVD-R DL). As of 2015, DVD writer drive supporting all existing recordable and rewritable DVD
formats is the most common for desktop PCs and laptops. There are also the DVD-ROM drive, BD-ROM drive, Blu-ray Disc combo (BD-
ROM/DVD±RW/CD-RW) drive, and Blu-ray Disc writer drive.

• Optical disc drives are an integral part of standalone appliances such as CD players, DVD players, Blu-ray disc players, DVD recorders, certain
desktop video game consoles, such as Sony PlayStation 4, Microsoft Xbox One, Nintendo Wii U, and Sony PlayStation 3, and certain portable
video game consoles, such as Sony PlayStation Portable. They are also very commonly used in computers to read software and consumer media
distributed on disc and to record discs for archival and data exchange purposes. Floppy disk drives, with capacity of 1.44 MB, have been made
obsolete: optical media are cheap and have vastly higher capacity to handle the large files used since the days of floppy discs, and the vast
majority of computers and much consumer entertainment hardware have optical writers. USB flash drives, high-capacity, small, and
inexpensive, are suitable where read/write capability is required.

• Disc recording is restricted to storing files playable on consumer appliances (films, music, etc.), relatively small volumes of data (e.g. a standard
DVD holds 4.7 gigabytes) for local use, and data for distribution, but only on a small scale; mass-producing large numbers of identical discs is
cheaper and faster than individual recording.

• Optical discs are used to back up relatively small volumes of data, but backing up of entire hard drives, which as of 2015 typically contain many
hundreds of gigabytes or even multiple terabytes, is less practical. Large backups are often instead made on external hard drives, as their price
has dropped to a level making this viable; in professional environments magnetic tape drives are also used.

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 USB PORTS
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables and connectors and protocols for
connection, communication and power supply between computers, peripheral devices and other computers.[3] Released in 1996,
the USB standard is currently maintained by the USB Implementers Forum (USB IF). There have been three generations of
USB specifications: USB 1.x, USB 2.0 and USB 3.x; the fourth called USB4 is scheduled to be published in the middle of
2019[4].
 FLOPPY DRIVE
• A floppy disk, also known as a floppy, diskette, or simply disk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible
magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy disks
are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD).

• Floppy disks, initially as 8-inch (203 mm) media[1] and later in 5 1⁄4-inch (133 mm) and ​3 1⁄2 inch (90 mm) sizes, were a
ubiquitous form of data storage and exchange from the mid-1970s into the first years of the 21st century.[2] By 2006 computers
were rarely manufactured with installed floppy disk drives; ​3 1⁄2-inch floppy disks can be used with an external USB floppy disk
drive, but USB drives for ​5 1⁄4-inch, 8-inch, and non-standard diskettes are rare to non-existent. These formats are usually
handled by older equipment.

• The prevalence of floppy disks in late-twentieth century culture was such that many electronic and software programs still use
the floppy disks as save icons. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with legacy industrial computer
equipment, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater capacity, such as USB flash drives, flash
storage cards, portable external hard disk drives, optical discs, cloud storage and storage available through computer networks.

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 VIDEO CARD
• A video card (also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter, or graphics adapter) is an
expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display device (such as a computer
monitor). Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the
distinction between these and integrated graphics. At the core of both is the graphics processing
unit (GPU), which is the main part that does the actual computations, but should not be confused
as the video card as a whole, although "GPU" is often used to refer to video cards.

• Most video cards are not limited to simple display output. Their integrated graphics processor can
perform additional processing, removing this task from the central processor of the computer.[1]
For example, Nvidia and AMD (ATi) produced cards render the graphics pipeline OpenGL and
DirectX on the hardware level.[2] In the later 2010s, there has also been a tendency to use the
computing capabilities of the graphics processor to solve non-graphic tasks.[3]

• Usually the graphics card is made in the form of a printed circuit board (expansion board) and
inserted into an expansion slot, universal or specialized (AGP, PCI Express).[4] Some have been
made using dedicated enclosures, which are connected to the computer via a docking station or a
cable.

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 SOUND CARD
• A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal expansion card that provides input
and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. The
term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces used for professional audio
applications.

• Sound functionality can also be integrated onto the motherboard, using components similar to
those found on plug-in cards. The integrated sound system is often still referred to as a sound
card. Sound processing hardware is also present on modern video cards with HDMI to output
sound along with the video using that connector; previously they used a S/PDIF connection to
the motherboard or sound card.

• Typical uses of sound cards or sound card functionality include providing the audio component
for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation,
education and entertainment (games) and video projection. Sound cards are also used for
computer-based communication such as voice over IP and teleconferencing.

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 NETWORK CARD
• A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN
adapter or physical network interface,[1] and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that
connects a computer to a computer network.[2]

• Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a
computer bus. The low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have
a network interface built into the motherboard.

• Modern network interface controllers offer advanced features such as interrupt and DMA interfaces to the
host processors, support for multiple receive and transmit queues, partitioning into multiple logical
interfaces, and on-controller network traffic processing such as the TCP offload engine.

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 SATA CABLE
• Serial ATA (SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment)[2] is a computer bus interface that
connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and
solid-state drives. Serial ATA succeeded the earlier Parallel ATA (PATA) standard to become the
predominant interface for storage devices.

• Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the Serial ATA International
Organization (SATA-IO) which are then promulgated by the INCITS T13 subcommittee ATA
Attachment

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