Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
555 Timer
Introduction:
The 555 Timer is one of the most popular and versatile
integrated circuits ever produced.
In industrial applications, there is a great demand for accurate
measurement and control of time period.
This can be achieved by using time delay circuits to connect or
disconnect power supply from load when an initializing signal
elapsed after a pre-determined time period.
“Signetics” Corporation first introduced this device as the SE 555
(-550C to 1250C)/NE 555 (00C to 700C)in early 1970.
It is a combination of digital and analog circuits.
It is a combination of digital and analog circuits and known as
“time machine”.
2
555 Timer
Features:
It can provide time delay from micro-sec to hours.
It operates with power supply of +5V to +18V.
It can drive a load upto 200mA.
It has an adjustable duty cycle
It has high current output
It is compatible with both TTL and CMOS logic circuits
It is reliable, easy to use and low cost.
3
555 Timer
Introduction:
The 555 Timer is one of the most popular and versatile
integrated circuits ever produced.
In industrial applications, there is a great demand for
accurate measurement and control of time period. This can
be achieved by using time delay circuits to connect or
disconnect power supply from load when an initializing
signal elapsed after a pre-determined time period.
“Signetics” Corporation first introduced this device as the
SE/NE 555 in early 1970.
It is a combination of digital and analog circuits.
It is known as the “time machine” as it performs a wide
variety of timing tasks.
4
555 timer- Pin Diagram
The 555 timer is an 8-Pin D.I.L. Integrated Circuit or ‘chip’
Notch
Pin 1
5
555 timer- Pin Description
Pin Name Purpose
1 GND Ground, low level (0 V)
2 TRIG OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC.
A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the
4 RESET timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately
0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR.
5 CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).
6 THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.
+ Truth Table
S R Q Q
Vref
0 0 No Change
0 1 0 1
Threshold
Control Voltage 1 0 1 0
R Q 1 1 X X
S
-
Q
Trigger
Discharge
Operation:
• The voltage divider has three equal 5K resistors. It
divides the input voltage (Vcc) into three equal
parts.
• The two comparators are op-amps that compare
the voltages at their inputs and saturate depending
upon which is greater.
• The Threshold Comparator saturates when the voltage
at the Threshold pin (pin 6) is greater than (2/3)Vcc.
• The Trigger Comparator saturates when the voltage at
the Trigger pin (pin 2) is less than (1/3)Vcc
9
Inside the 555 Timer
• The flip-flop is a bi-stable device. It generates two
values, a “high” value equal to Vcc and a “low” value
equal to 0V.
• When the Threshold comparator saturates, the flip flop is
Reset (R) and it outputs a low signal at pin 3.
• When the Trigger comparator saturates, the flip flop is Set
(S) and it outputs a high signal at pin 3.
• The transistor is being used as a switch, it connects
pin 7 (discharge) to ground when it is closed.
• When Q is low, Q bar is high. This closes the transistor
switch and attaches pin 7 to ground.
• When Q is high, Q bar is low. This open the switch and
pin 7 is no longer grounded
10
Uses of 555 timer
12
555 Timer operating modes
• The 555 has three operating modes:
1. Monostable Multivibrator
2.Astable Multivibrator
3. Bistable Multivibratior
13
555 Timer as Monostable Multivibrator
Description:
In the standby state, FF holds
transistor Q1 ON, thus
clamping the external timing
capacitor C to ground. The
output remains at ground
potential. i.e. Low.
As the trigger passes through VCC/3, the FF is set, i.e. Q bar=0, then
the transistor Q1 OFF and the short circuit across the timing
14
capacitor C is released. As Q bar is low , output goes HIGH.
555 Timer as Monostable Multivibrator
17
Uses of the Monostable Multivibrator
18
Monostable Multivibrator
Problem:
In the monostable multivibrator of fig, R=100kΩ and
the time delay T=100ms. Calculate the value of C ?
Solution:
T=1.1RC
3
T 100x10
C 3
0.9F
1.1R 1.1x100x10
19
Applications in Monostable Mode
20
1.Missing Pulse Detector
22
2.Linear Ramp Generator
Capacitor voltage
at pin 6
23
Linear Ramp Generator- Description
Analysis:
Applying KVL around base-emitter loop of Q3
R
V V I R ( I I ) R ( I I ) R (1 ) I R I R I R i R
1
R1 R2
CC BE E E C B E B B E B E B E C E E
(I C i )
Q3 ( ) ( )
i RE R1V CC V BE R1 R2 i R1V CC V BE R1 R2
i Ic R1 R2 RE ( R1 R2)
Voltage Capacitor,
1t 1 t R1V CC V BE ( R1 R2) 1 ( )
vc C idt C { }dt { R1V CC V BE R1 R2 }t
0 0 RE ( R1 R2) C RE ( R1 R2)
2
v
When becomes 3 V at T,
c CC
2
2 R V V (R R ) T 3
V CC CR E ( R1 R2)
V CC 1 CC BE 1 2
T
3 CR ( R R )
E 1 2 R1V CC V BE ( R1 R2)
24
3.Frequency Divider
Description:
A continuously triggered monostable
circuit when triggered by a square wave
generator can be used as a frequency divider,
if the timing interval is adjusted to be longer
than the period of the triggering square
wave input signal.
The monostable multivibrator will be
triggered by the first negative going edge of
the square wave input but the output will
Fig: Diagram of Frequency Divider
remain HIGH(because of greater timing
interval) for next negative going edge of the
input square wave as shown fig.
25
4.Pulse Width Modulation
26
Pulse Width Modulation- Description
The charging time of capacitor is entirely depend upon 2Vcc/3.
When capacitor voltage just reaches about 2Vcc/3 output of the timer
is coming from HIGH to Low level.
We can control this charging time of the capacitor by adding
continuously varying signal at the pin-5 of the 555 timer which is
denoted as control voltage point. Now each time the capacitor voltage
is compared control voltage according to the o/p pulse width change.
So o/p pulse width is changing according to the signal applied to
control voltage point. So the output is pulse width modulated form.
27
Pulse Width Modulation
Practical Representation
28
Astable Multivibrator
R1
VA
A 1 A1
V1 Vo
R2
V2 A2 A2
VC VT
R3
Q1
RA RB
VC(t)
VCC
33
Operation of a 555 Astable
Continued……
2) Once VC VTH
a) R=HIGH, S=LOW, Q = HIGH ,Q1 ON, VOUT = 0
b) Capacitor is now discharging through RB and Q1 to
ground.
c) Meanwhile at FF, R=LOW & S=LOW since
VC < VTH.
RB
VC(t)
Q1
34
Operation of a 555 Astable
Continued…..
3) Once VC < VTL
a) R=LOW, S=HIGH, Q= LOW , Q1 OFF, VOUT = VCC
b) Capacitor is now charging through RA & RB again.
RA RB
VC(t)
VCC
35
Timing Diagram of a 555 Astable
VC(t) 1 2 3
VTH
VTL
t
VOUT(t) TL TH
t
t=0 t = 0'
36
Astable Multivibrator- Analysis
The capacitor voltage for a low pass RC circuit subjected to a step input of Vcc volts is
given by, t
v V (1 e )
c CC
RC
2
The time t1 taken by the circuit to change from 0 to 2Vcc/3 is, VC 3
V CC
2V CC t1
V CC (1 e RC ) t1 1.09 RC
3 1
The time t2 to charge from 0 to vcc/3 is V 3V
C CC
V t 2
V
CC
(1
CCe ) t 0.405RC
RC
2
3
So the time to change from Vcc/3 to 2Vcc/3 is, tHIGH t1 t2 1.09RC 0.405RC 0.69RC
So, for the given circuit, t HIGH 0.69( R A R B )C …… Charging time
The output is low while the capacitor discharges from 2Vcc/3 to Vcc/3 and the
voltage across the capacitor is given by, V CC 2 t
V CC e RC
3 3
Contd…. 37
Astable Multivibrator- Analysis
After solving, we get, t=0.69RC
For the given circuit, 0.69 RB C …… Discharging time
t LOW
Both RA and RB are in the charge path, but only RB is in the discharge path.
The total time period,
T t HIGH t LOW 0.69 ( R A RB )C 0.69 RB C
1 1 1.45
Frequency, f …….1.45 is Error Constant
T 0.69 ( R A 2 R B )C ( R A 2 R )C
B
Duty Cycle,
0.69 ( R A R B )C ( RB)
% D t HIGH X 100 X 100 R A X 100
T 0.69 ( R A 2 R B )C ( R A 2RB )
0.69 RB C
% D t LOW X 100 X 100 RB X 100
T 0.69 ( R A 2 RB )C ( R A 2 RB )
38
Behavior of the Astable Multivibrator
The astable multivibrator is simply an oscillator. The
astable multivibrator generates a continuous stream of
rectangular off-on pulses that switch between two
voltage levels.
The frequency of the pulses and their duty cycle are
dependent upon the RC network values.
The capacitor C charges through the series resistors RA
and RB with a time constant (RA + RB)C.
The capacitor discharges through RB with a time
constant of RBC
39
Uses of the Astable Multivibrator
• Flashing LED’s
• Pulse Width Modulation
• Pulse Position Modulation
• Periodic Timers
• Uses include LEDs, pulse generation, logic
clocks, security alarms and so on.
40
Applications in Astable Mode
1.Square Generator
2.FSK Generator
3.Pulse Position Modulator
41
1.Square Generator
( R1 R )
3
10µF DutyCycle 2
X 100 50%
( R1 2 R ) 2
Here R1 0
C1
Fig: Square Wave Generator
42
2. FSK Generator
Description:
In digital data communication,
binary code is transmitted by
shifting a carrier frequency
between two preset
frequencies. This type of
Fig: FSK Generator
transmission is called
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
technique. Contd….. 43
FSK Generator
A 555 timer is astable mode can be used to generate FSK signal.
When input digital data is HIGH, T1 is OFF & 555 timer works as
normal astable multivibrator.
44
2. Pulse Position Modulator
Description:
The pulse position modulator can be
constructed by applying a modulating
signal to pin 5 of a 555 timer connected
for astable operation.
The output pulse position varies with
Fig (a): Pulse position Modulator
the modulating signal, since the
threshold voltage and hence the time
delay is varied.
The output waveform that the
frequency is varying leading to pulse
Fig (b): Output Wave Form of PPM 45
position modulation.
Astable Multivibrator
Problem:
In the astable multivibrator of fig, RA=2.2KΩ, RB=3.9K Ω and C=0.1µF. Determine
the positive pulse width tH, negative pulse width tLow, and free-running frequency fo.
Solution:
t HIGH
0.69( R A R B )C 0.69(2.2 K 3.9 K)(0.1X 106) 0.421ms
1 1.45
fo ?
T ( R A 2 R B )C Duty Cycle,
( RB) 2.2 K 3.9
% D t HIGH X 100 R A X 100 X 100 ?
T ( R A 2RB ) 2. 2 K 2 X 3. 9 K
3.9
% D t LOW X 100 RB X 100 X 100 ?
T ( R A 2RB ) 2.2 K 2 X 3.9 K
46
Example: Design a 555 Oscillator to produce an approximate
square-wave at 40 KHz. Let C > 470 pF.
48
Schmitt Trigger
51
PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
PLL
52
PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS- Introduction
The phase-locked loop is a negative feedback system in
which the frequency of an internal oscillator (vco) is
matched to the frequency of an external waveform with
some Pre-defined phase difference.
57
PLL CAPTURE RANGE
CAPTURE RANGE:
• Capture range is defined as the band of frequencies in the vicinity
of fo where the pll can establish or acquire lock with an input range
(also called the acquisition range).
• Capture range is a function of the BW of the lpf ( lpf BW capture
range).
• Capture range is between 1.1 and 1.7 times the natural frequency
of the vco.
59
PLL LOCK/CAPTURE RANGE
61
PLL OPERATION-Putting All Together
f
Ko
v
f
Vd Ko
Kd Vout
e f
Vd Kd e Vout Kf KaVd OPEN-LOOP GAIN: Vout
Vout
KL Kd Kf Ka Ko Ko
Vd Vd
e f Vout Ko
Kd Kf Ka
f fin fn 62
PLL OPERATION
Kf Ka
Kd
Ko
V d max e max K d K d HOLD-IN RANGE
2
f max K d K f K a K o K L
2 2
Lock Range 2 f max K L 63
PLL 565 Pin Configuration
64
PLL- Example
Problem:
fn = 200 kHz, fi = 210 kHz, Kd = 0.2 V/rad, Kf = 1, Ka = 5, Ko = 20 kHz/V
Solution:
PLL OPEN-LOOP GAIN:
Contd….. 65
PLL-Example
PHASE DETECTOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE:
V out .5
Vd .1 V
Kf Ka 1( 5 )
STATIC PHASE ERROR:
Vd .1 V
e . 5 rad 28 . 65
K d . 2 V / rad
HOLD-IN RANGE:
f max K L 31 . 4 kHz
2
LOCK RANGE:
Lock Range 2 f max 62 . 8 kHz
66
Salient Features of 565 PLL
1. Operating frequency range =0.01Hz to 500KHz
2. Operating voltage range = ±6v to ± 12v
3. Input level required for tracking:
10mv rms min to 3v peak to peak max
4. Input impedance = 10kΩ typically.
5. Output sink current : 1mA typically.
6. Output source current: 10mA typically
7. Drift in VCO Centre frequency: 300 PPM/ ⁰c
8. Drift in VCO Centre frequency with supply voltage: 1.5
percent/Vmax
9. Triangle wave amplitude: 2.4 Vpp at ± 6v supply voltage.
10. Square wave amplitude: 5.4 Vpp at ± 6v supply voltage.
11. Bandwidth adjustment range: < ± 1 to ± 60%
67
PLL APPLICATIONS
• Am modulation / demodulation
• Fm modulation / demodulation
• Frequency synthesis
• Frequency generation
68
PLL APPLICATIONS
1.FM Demodulator:
2.FM Modulator:
69
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
71
VCO Analysis
Contd….. 72
VCO Analysis
73
Features of VCO
74
Applications of VCO
The various applications of VCO are:
1. Frequency Modulation.
2. Signal Generation (Triangular or Square Wave)
3. Function Generation.
4. Frequency Shift Keying i.e. FSK demodulator.
5. In frequency multipliers.
6. Tone Generation.
75
VCO
Contd…. 76
VCO
77
Thank You
78