ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

CH-1009; L-T-P: 0-0-2

Dr. Prasanta Rath

Coordinator & Assoc. Professor
Dept. of Chemistry
School of Applied Sciences
KIIT University
Syllabi

Overview
Overview on environment, technologies, components
of earth: lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere,
concept of black body radiation and albedo.
Importance, scope and principle of EIA.
Cont.

Environmental pollution
Primary and secondary air pollutants, smog (oxidizing
and reducing), Fireworks and their ill effect;
Important environmental issues: ozone layer depletion,
acid rain, green-house effect;
Types and sources of water pollutants, analysis of
water quality parameters like DO, BOD, alkalinity,
hardness, chloride, fluoride, USEPA and WHO guide
lines for drinking water;
Classification of solid wastes, toxic and biochemical
effects of solid wastes (heavy metal, bio- medical and
radioactive wastes), sources and generation.
Cont.

Pollution Management
Controlling measures for air pollution: electrostatic
precipitator, cyclone separator, catalytic convertor,
scrubbing;
Sewage treatment: primary, secondary and tertiary
treatments;
Management of solid wastes: collection segregation,
disposal;
Basic principle of green chemistry with examples,
matrices to explain greenness, R4M4 model.
Evaluation Scheme

Total marks 100 Marks

PPT ( Presentation)- Chapter-I 15 Marks
Quiz Test 10 Marks
PPT ( Presentation)- Chapter-II 15 Marks
Innovation / Poster presentation 25 Marks
Quiz Test 10 Marks
PPT ( Presentation)- Chapter-III 15 Marks
Quiz Test 10 Marks
Complete Breakup

Class Portions to be covered  

No.
Day-1 Over view on environment Lecture in ppt
  technologies, component of earth mode
lithosphere, atmosphere and
biosphere

Day-2 Concept of black body radiation Lecture in ppt

and albedo, Importance, scope and mode
principle of EIA

Day-3 Quiz Test Marks = 10 Marks

Class Portions to be covered
No.
Day-4 Primary and secondary air pollutants, smog Lecture in ppt
(oxidizing and reducing), Fireworks and their ill mode
effect; important environmental issues: ozone
layer depletion, acid rain, green-house effect

Day-5 Types and sources of water pollutants, analysis Lecture in ppt

of water quality parameters like DO, BOD, mode
alkalinity, hardness, chloride, fluoride, USEPA
and WHO guide lines for drinking water

Day-6 Classification of solid wastes, toxic and Lecture in ppt

biochemical effects of solid wastes (heavy mode
metal, bio- medical and radioactive wastes),
sources and generation.

Day 7 PPT By Student 15 Marks

Class Portions to be covered
No.
Day-8 Quiz 10 Marks
Day-9 PPT by Student 15 Marks
Day-10 Poster Presentation along with a detailed report  
on any innovations, new ideas, modification of Total marks = 25
existing idea related to the topic Environmental Marks
Pollution
Day-11 Controlling measures for air pollution: electrostatic Lecture in ppt
precipitator, cyclone separator, catalytic mode
convertor, scrubbing; Sewage treatment: primary,
secondary treatments
Day-12 Management of solid wastes: collection Lecture in ppt
segregation, disposal); Basic principle of green mode
chemistry with examples, matrices to explain
greenness, R4M4 model.
Day-13 Quiz 10 Marks
Environment means Surrounding in which we are
living, which includes all living (biotic) and non living
(abiotic) factors on which we are interdependent.
Biotic Factors
Producers
(autotrophs or self-
feeders)

Biotic
Herbivores
Consumers
(Heterotrophs
or other feeders)
Carnivores
Decomposures
Predetors
Energy flow among Biotic and Abiotic components

Abiotc Factors
CO2, O2, N2, Minerals
Heat
Heat Solar
Energy

Decomposers Producers
Bacteria, Fungus Plants

Heat
Heat
Consumers
Herbivores, Carnivores,
Predetors
Terminologies

Pollutant
A substance which is a constituent of environment but when
present in excess imparts detrimental effect on environment is
known as pollutant.
e.g. lead, mercury, carbon monoxide etc.
Contaminant
A substance which is not a constituent of environment but
introduced by only anthropogenic activity disturbing its
composition is known as contaminant. When a contaminant
exerts detrimental effect on environment it can be described as
also pollutant.
e.g. MIC (methyl isocyanate) released into atmosphere in Bhopal
gas tragedy In Dec. 3rd 1984 (10,000 people died, 1,000 became
blind and more than 1 lakh people continue to suffer from various
disorders)
CFCs (CFC-11, CFC-12 )
Receptor
The medium which is affected by the pollutant is known as
receptor. e.g. Human being can be described as a receptor of
photochemical smog
Sink
A medium which retains the pollutant and keep on interacting
with it for a long time.
e.g. particulates for human being, acid for marble monuments
Pathway
The mechanism by virtue of which a pollutant is distributed from
its source to different environmental segments is known as its
pathway.
Pb (C2H5)4 PbBr2 + PbCl2

Food Chain Crops Ppt. to soil

Speciation
It refers to segregation and estimation of different species of a
particular pollutant present in the environment. This helps to
estimate the toxicity level/impact of that pollutant.
e.g. Hg, Hg 22+, Hg2+, CH3Hg+, (CH3)2Hg etc.
TLV
TLVs are the maximum average airborne conc. of a hazardous
material to which healthy adult workers can be exposed during an 8-
hour workday and 40-hour workweek—over a working lifetime—
without experiencing significant adverse health effects.

• Time-weighted Average (TWA) concentration: The concentration

of a contaminant averaged over a workday (usually 8 hours long).
It's measured in a workplace by sampling a worker's breathing zone
for the whole workday. American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends that the TWA should not be
exceeded for up to an 8-hour workday during a 40-hour workweek.
• Ceiling value A concentration of a toxic substance in air that
ACGIH recommends should not be exceeded at any time during
the workday. This value is often used in conjunction with the
TWA.
• Short-term Exposure
Limit (STEL) value: A
TWA concentration over
15 minutes that ACGIH
recommends not to
exceed—even if the 8-
hour TWA is within the
standards.
TWA-STELs are given
for contaminants for
which short-term
hazards are known.
Different segments of environment
 Atmosphere
 o The air envelope surrounding the earth is known as
Atmosphere.
o This protective envelope surrounding earth helps in
sustaining life on earth and protect us from unfriendly
environment of outer space
o It extends to the height of 500 km from the earth surface
o It absorbs IR radiation emitted by the sun and reemitted
from the earth and thereby control the temperature
balance of the earth
o It allows radiation only in the regions of 300-2500 nm
(near UV, visible and near IR) and 0.01 – 40 meters (radio
waves) at the same time it filters harmful UV radiation
below 300 nm
 Cont.

o Acts as a source of CO2 for photosynthesis in plants and O2

for respiration of human beings / animals

o Transports water from water bodies to land

o Acts as a source of nitrogen for nitrogen fixing bacteria

o Helps to maintain of nutrient cycles

Increase of human interference has changed the earth’s

radiation balance by changing the albedo i.e. fraction of
sunlight reflected and scattered back to the atmosphere
Black body radiation

UV Catastrophe

 

Quantum theory
  𝟖 𝛑 𝐡𝐜 𝟏
𝐝 𝐄=

𝟓
[ 𝒆
𝒉𝒄
 𝒌𝑻
−𝟏 ] 𝐝
 
Cont.
o Wien’s Law-
The dominant wavelength at which a blackbody emits is
inversely proportional to the temperature in absolute scale.
Or, λmax =
Where ‘b’ is Wien’s constant = 2.898 × 10-3 mK
o Stefan–Boltzmann law-
The total energy flux emitted by a blackbody remains
proportional to the fourth power of temperature in absolute
scale.
E = T4
Where is Stefan’s constant = 5.672 × 10-8 Js-1m-2K-4
Problems

• If sun radiation peaks at 483 nm, find the sun’s surface

temperature assuming it to be black body.[Ans: 6000K]

• If earth’s spectrum peaks at 10,000 nm, find the

temperature of earth assuming it to be a black body.
[Ans:170C]

• Assuming the sun as a perfect sphere of radius 6.8 x 108 m,

calculate the energy radiated by the sun in a day. Surface
temperature of the sun is given as 6000K.
Albedo
• Earth receives a very large input of
energy daily from the sun and
maintains a steady state by giving
off the bulk of this energy at the
same rate.

• The earth absorbs radiation mainly

in the visible region but emits
radiation at the same rate in the
infrared region.

• The solar flux incident on earth’s

upper atmosphere is 1372 W/ m 2
/min.

Note:- Fraction of sunlight • The earth / atmosphere absorbs

reflected and scattered back to about 70 % of solar flux incident on
the atmosphere is known as it, while it reflects and scatters
albedo back into space 30 % (albedo) of
the flux.
Radiation Balance Model
To overcome the difficulty posed by the fact that the planets are
spherical and their surface tilts with respect to the incoming
radiation, is assumed that the amount distributed over the sphere
is equal the amount that would be collected on the planets
surface if it would have been a disk (with the same radius as the
sphere), placed perpendicular to the sunlight. If the planet's
radius is R the area of that disk is πR2.

Heat absorbed by planet = (1 - α) πR2So

So - Solar radiative flux at

R
the top of the planets
rea
atmosphere (for solar
constant) of diskR2
α- Albedo of the planet
 Cont.

The total heat radiated from the planet is equal to the

energy flux implied by its effective temperature, Te
from the entire surface of the planet
Heat radiated from planet = (4πR2) σTe4

In radiative balance we
 

thus have:
(4πR2 ) σTe4 = (1 - α) πR2So Surface area
=4 R2
Solving this equation for
effective temperature we
obtain:
Te =
Cont.

• Subscript ‘e’ to the temperature is used to emphasize that this

would be the temperature at the surface of the planet if it had no
atmosphere. It is referred to as the effective temperature of the
planet. According to this calculation, the effective temperature of
Earth is about 255 K (or -18 °C)

• With this temperature the Earth radiation will be centered on a

wavelength of about 11 μm, well within the range of infrared (IR)
radiation

• The effective temperature of Earth is much higher than what we

calculated. Averaged over all seasons and the entire Earth, the
surface temperature of our planet is about 288 K (or 15°C)

This difference is in the effect of the heat absorbing components of

our atmosphere. This effect is known as the greenhouse effect
Problems

 1. Assuming earth to be flat and no albedo and green house

effect , find the temperature of the earth.

2. Instead of spherical shape, assuming earth to be flat, find

the surface temperature on the basis of zero dimensional
energy balance model. Given .

3. Mercury is 60 x 109 m away from the sun and has a albedo

0.06. Find the average surface temperature of Mercury.
Given distance from sun to earth is 15 x 1010 m.
[ S = ]; From Earth’s value solve K and then find solar
flux at Mercury.
https://www.slideshare.net/itutor/earths-atmosphere-19591339
 
Troposphere:
• It is the lowest layer of atmosphere extending upto an
altitude of 11 km. comprising of 70% of the mass of
atmosphere
• The troposphere is mostly heated by transfer of energy
from the surface, so on an average the lowest part of
the troposphere is warmest and temperature decreases
from 15 to —560C with altitude. The lowest
temperature is observed at tropopause i.e. boundary
between troposphere and stratosphere
 Cont.

• It is a turbulent region due to global energy flow

arising from imbalance of heating and cooling rates
between the equator and the poles
• With respect to composition this sphere is more or less
homogeneous in the absence of air pollution due to
constant circulation of air masses in this region
• The air in troposphere consists volume of about 78.09%
N2, 20.94% O2, H2O vapour 0.1-5%, Ar 0.9% and 0.03%

CO2. Water content varies due to hydrological cycle

 Stratosphere

• The stratosphere extends from the tropopause to about

51 km.
• Temperature increases with height (+ve Lapse rate) due
to increased absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the
ozone layer. The temperature may be −560 C (210 K) at
the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much
warmer, and may be near freezing
• Near the top of this layer is the region where the
ultraviolet solar radiation (220-330 nm) is absorbed by
ozone. This region is known as Ozonosphere. O3 + (h =
radiation) → O2 + O
• Restricted turbulence and mixing
• The stratopause, which is the boundary between the
stratosphere and mesosphere, typically is at 50 to 55 km.
Mesosphere
• The mesosphere extends from the stratopause to 80–85 km.
It is the layer where most meteors burn up upon entering
the atmosphere
• Negative Lapse rate is observed in the mesosphere. At the
mesopause, the temperature minimum is observed. It is the
coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature
around −85 °C (190 K)
• At the mesopause, temp.
may drop to −100°C
(170 K). Due to the cold
temperature of the
mesosphere, water vapor is
frozen, forming ice clouds
(or Noctilucent clouds ;
Latin: Night shining).
Thermosphere

• The thermosphere is the layer of the atmosphere above

the mesosphere

• Called from the Greek (pronounced thermos) meaning

heat, the thermosphere begins about 85 kilometers
(53 miles) above the Earth

• Within this layer, UV radiation causes ionization.

Thus only ionic species such as O+, NO+ etc. are
available here (ionosphere)
Exosphere
• It is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere which
extends from the exobase upward
• Exobase is also called the thermopause as it is the
atmospheric boundary of Earth's energy system, located
at the top of the thermosphere. The altitude of the exobase
ranges from about 500 to 1,000 km depending on solar
activity
• In principle, the exosphere covers all distances where
particles are still gravitationally bound to Earth, i.e.
particles still have ballistic orbits that will take them back
towards Earth.
• The exosphere is a transitional zone between Earth’s
atmosphere and interplanetary space
• It is mainly composed of hydrogen, helium and atomic
hydrogen near the base of the exosphere
[This unique image, describes Earth's colorful horizon, taken from the
space shuttle Endeavour. The orange layer is the troposphere, where all of
the weather and clouds which we typically watch and experience are
generated and contained. This orange layer gives way to the whitish
Stratosphere and then into the Mesosphere.]
Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is a collective term given to all different forms of

water. It includes all types of water resources such as oceans, seas,
rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs and polar ice caps and ground
water.
2% locked in glaciers &
1% Fresh water
polar ice caps

30%
Irrigation
50%
Power Plants

97% Saline

13%
7% Industrial Use
Domestic Use
Lithosphere
The solid component of the earth is called Lithosphere, which
includes soil, earth, rocks and mountains etc.

A lithosphere (Greek: [lithos] for "rocky", and [sphaira] for

"sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial type planet
that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. With reference
to earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper
mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of
years or greater.
Crust-It consists of the continental crust and the oceanic crust. Life
exists in this layer. Ocenic lithosphere consists mainly of mafic
(rich in magnesium and iron) crust and ultramafic (over 90%
mafic) mantle and is denser than continental lithosphere.
Continental lithosphere consists of a layer of igneous,
sedimentary rocks that forms the continents and the continental
shelves. This layer consists mostly of granitic rock
Mantle It contains 83% of the total volume and 68% of the total
mass of the earth.
• Core volume is 16% of earth’s total volume and core mass is 32%
of earth’s total mass
• It is further divided into 2 sub-zones viz. outer (2,200km thickness)
and inner (1,200 km thickness)
 2.7 gcm-3

O-47% by weight

Si-27%

Al-8%
SIAL Layer
SIMA Layer  3-5.5 gcm-3

O-44% by weight

Si-23%
NIFE Layer
Mg-19
 5.1-15 gcm -3

Temp. 54000 C
Pressure- 330 GPa
Soil
It is formed by continuous weathering (physical, chemical and
biological) of rocks. It has loose structure consisting of organic
matter , minerals and air.

(O) Organic matter : Surficial

organic deposit with litter layer of
plant residues in relatively non-
decomposed form
(A) Surface soil : Organics mixed
with mineral matter
Cont.

(B) Subsoil: Subsurface layer reflecting chemical or

physical alteration of parent material. This layer
accumulates iron, clay, aluminium and organic
compounds, a process referred to as illuviation

(C) Parent rock, also known as substratum: The parent

material in sedimentary deposits. Layer of large unbroken
rocks.

(R) Bedrock: The parent material in bedrock landscapes.

This layer denotes the layer of partially weathered bedrock
at the base of the soil profile. Unlike the above layers, R
horizons largely comprise continuous masses of hard rock.
Biosphere

• The biosphere is very large

and complex and divided
into smaller units called
ecosystem
• Plants, animals and micro-
organisms which live in a
definite zone along with
physical factor such as soil,
water and air constitute an
ecosystem

• Within each ecosystem there are dynamic inter-relationships between

living forms and their physical environment
• Their interrelationships manifest as natural cycles such as hydrological
cycle, oxygen cycle, nitrogen cycle, etc.
• The cycles operate in a balanced manner providing a continuous
circulation of essential constituents
EIA
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the assessment
of the environmental consequences (positive and negative)
of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the
decision to move forward with the proposed action

• Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of

administrative procedure regarding public participation
and documentation of decision making, and may be subject
to judicial review

• The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA)

defines an environmental impact assessment as "the
process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and
mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant
effects of development proposals prior to major
decisions being taken and commitments made"
Environmental Clearance from central government is
required for 32 categories of development projects – under
industrial sectors:

• Mining
• Thermal power plants
• River valley
• Infrastructure (road, highways, ports, harbours, and
airports)
• Industries including very small electroplating in
foundry units
EIA benefits:

•Protection of Environment
•Optimum utilization of resources
•Saves overall time and cost of the project
•Promotes community participation
•Helps decision/policy makers to take appropriate decision
•Lays base for environmentally sound projects. History &
Evolution of EIA
Steps in EIA

Proposal
Identification

Screening- (Initial
evaluation & Classification
as per env. sensitivity)

EIA not EIA

required required

Public/Scientific Scoping-
community/ Dicision makers Define Issues Prefeasibility
participation (Define terms
for full EIA
Screening is the First stage of EIA, which determines whether the
proposed project requires an EIA and if requires, then the level of
assessment required. Its criteria are based upon:
• Scales of investment
• Type of development
• Location of development

Project Category ‘A’ : Category ‘B’ : Only Category ‘C’: This

Projects in this category difference between category is for projects
typically require an EIA. projects in this category that typically do not
The project type, scale and those in Category require an EIA. These
and location determine ‘A’ is the scale. Larger projects are unlikely to
this designation. The Power plants fall under have adverse environ-
potentially significant category ‘A’, Medium Sized mental impacts.
environmental issues Power Plants projects are in
for these projects may category ‘B’. These projects
lead to changes in land- are not located in
use, as well as changes environmentally sensitive
to social, physical, and area. Mitigation measures
biological environment. for these projects are more
easily prescribed.
Scoping:

• This stage identifies key issues and impact that should

be further investigated

• This stage also defines the boundary and the time limit
of the study

• Quantifiable and non quantifiable impact (aesthetic or

recreational value) are to be assessed

• Baseline status of these should be monitored and then

the likely changes in these on account of the
construction and operation of the proposed project
should be predicted
AIR
• Changes in the ambient level and the ground level
concentrations due to emissions from point, line and area
source
• Effects on soils, materials, vegetation and human health.
NOISE
• Changes in the ambient level due to noise generated from
equipment and movement of vehicles
• Effects on fauna and human health.
WATER
• Availability to competing users
• Changes in the quality
• Sediment transport
• Ingress of saline water
LAND
• Changes in the land-use and drainage pattern
• Changes in land quality including effects of waste disposal
• Changes in shoreline/riverbank and their stability.
BIOLOGICAL
• Deforestation and shrinkage of animal habitat
• Impact on flora and fauna due to contaminants
/pollutants
• Impact on rare and endangered species, endemic
species and migratory path of animals including birds
• Impact on breeding and nesting grounds

SOCIO-ECONOMIC
• Impact on the local community including demographic
changes
• Impact on economic status
• Impact on human health
• Impact of increased traffic
Cont. Prediction &
Public information Mitigation-Identify
impacts and propose Feasibility
&consultation
design changes & study
mitigation mesaures

Review of EIS by Detail design &

Prepare draft/Env.
regulatory authority Preparation
Impact Statement
& public hearing

Yes Prepare final EIS

Approved ?
Implimention

No
Management &
Monitoring
Redesign &Resubmit
Operation
Audit (Implimentation management
& follow up)
Prediction and Mitigation

• Possible alternative should be identified and

environmental attributes compared

• Alternatives for project location & process technologies

• Alternative of ‘no project’ should also be considered

• Ranking of alternatives based on the best

environmental option for optimum economic benefits
to the community at large

• Mitigation plan for the selected option have to be

drawn, and is supplemented with the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) to guide towards,
Environmental Improvement