Environmental biotechnology CAT-II exam answer key

(2 marks)

1)What is acid rain?

In the context of environmental biotechnology, acid rain refers to rainwater or any other form of precipitation that
has been contaminated with acidic compounds such as sulfuric acid or nitric acid due to pollution from human
activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels. This phenomenon can have detrimental effects on ecosystems,
including soil acidification, damage to vegetation, and harm to aquatic life.

2)Define ozone depletion?

Ozone depletion refers to the thinning or reduction of the ozone layer in the Earth’s stratosphere. This depletion is
primarily caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) into
the atmosphere, which break down ozone molecules, leading to a decrease in the concentration of ozone gas.

3)List out the components of wastewater?

The components of wastewater in environmental biotechnology include organic matter, nutrients (such as nitrogen
and phosphorus), pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and parasites), suspended solids, heavy metals, and sometimes
toxic chemicals like pesticides and pharmaceuticals.

4)What is biodiversity?

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms within a particular ecosystem, including the diversity of species,
genetic diversity within each species, and the variety of ecosystems present on Earth. It encompasses the
richness and abundance of different organisms, their interactions, and the ecological processes that support life.

5)Define toxicants?

Toxicants in environmental biotechnology refer to substances that are harmful to living organisms or the
environment, typically due to their toxicity or potential to cause adverse effects on biological systems. These
substances can include pollutants, chemicals, heavy metals, and other contaminants that can negatively impact
ecosystems, human health, and biodiversity.

6)Mention the safe limits of doses in toxicity?

The safe limits of doses in toxicity in environmental biotechnology typically vary depending on the specific
pollutant and the organism being exposed. However, generally speaking, doses below the threshold for acute
toxicity (usually expressed as LD50 or LC50) are considered safe. Chronic toxicity limits are often lower and
depend on the duration of exposure.

5Marks

1)Explain the steps for reducing the solid waste pollution?

Solid waste refers to any non-liquid waste material that is discarded, such as household garbage, industrial waste,
construction debris, and agricultural waste. This category of waste can include a wide range of items, from paper
and plastics to metals, glass, and organic materials. Managing solid waste is an important aspect of environmental
protection and sustainability.

Source of Solid Wastes

Domestic Wastes :-waste that arises from household activities of human beings, includes : Garbage, rubbish and
ashes.

Industrial Wastes :- wastes, which arises from industrial activities, includes :

Construction and demolition wastes, discarded equipment and tools and mining wastes etc..

Agricultural Wastes:- These includes agricultural residues and poultry and diary wastes. Further, agricultural
wastes may also include packing and cans of fertilizers, pesticides and soil conditioners used in modern
agricultural practices I1 and IV.

Commercial Wastes :-Wastes, those arise from public places such as offices, markets, restaurants, streets
etc,.includes:

Building Wastes, garbage, hazardous waste, ashes and rubbish .

Reducing solid waste pollution involves several steps:

1. Reduce: Minimize waste generation by consuming less and being mindful of packaging and single-use
items. This includes using reusable products, buying in bulk, and opting for products with minimal
packaging

2. Reuse: Extend the life of products by reusing them instead of disposing of them after a single use. This can
involve repairing items, donating them, or repurposing them for other uses.

3. Recycle: Implement comprehensive recycling programs to divert waste from landfills. Encourage residents
and businesses to separate recyclables from trash and provide accessible recycling facilities.
4. Compost: Promote composting of organic waste to reduce the amount of material sent to landfills.
Composting can be done at home or through municipal composting programs, converting organic waste
into nutrient-rich soil amendments.
5. Education and Awareness: Educate the public about the importance of waste reduction and proper waste
management practices. Encourage sustainable behaviors such as waste sorting, composting, and
purchasing environmentally friendly products.

By implementing these steps, communities can effectively reduce solid waste pollution and work towards a more
sustainable future.

2)Explain in brief about green house effect?

Green House effect:

Meaning: Progressive warming up of the earth surface due to high concentration of manmade carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere.

Concentration of CO2 works like a glass panel of greenhouse allowing short wave incoming solar radiation to
come in but preventing the long wave heat to re-radiated out.

The natural outcome is warmer atmosphere

100 years ago CO 2 – 275ppm

In the year 2007

375PPM
In the year 2040

450PPm

Sources of greenhouse gases:

1 Thermal power stations based on fossil fuels, mainly coal

And mineral oil emitting huge amount of CO2

2. Numerous factories and industrial chimney wastes

Automobiles

3.Deforestation and burning of fossil fuels.

The major green house gases:

The gases with the properties of greenhouse are known as green

House gases.

Some gases in earth’s atmosphere for example, water (H,0),

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH,), and nitrous oxide (N,0)

Have a very special property .They do not absorb the visible light

From the sun, but they do absorb the infrared light radiated by the Earth’s surface. These are called “greenhouse
gases” carbon dioxide.

Halogen gases like Chlorofluorocarbons, nitrogen oxide, methane etc.

Global warming and Climate Change:

The Sun’s surface, which has an average temperature of 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5810Degrees Kelvin),
primarily radiates visible light.

The surface of the Earth has an average temperature of 6o degrees Fahrenheit (288 degrees Kelvin), so it
radiates in the infrared part of the spectrum.

The temperature of an object is determined by a balance between incoming and outgoing energy.

Effects of Greenhouse effect:

1 global warming and climate change.

2. Rise of sea level

3. Worsening health effects

Disruption of the water cycle

5 Changing forest and natural areas

6. Challenges to agriculture and the food supply

7. Effect on the ozone layer

8. Effect on oceanic climate

Control of Greenhouse Effect:

Alternate sources of energy are to be used

Advanced and efficient technologies for reducing

Emissions from fossil fuels.

Afforestation and reforestation on a large scale

Water logging should be avoided

Reduction of the use of CFC

Carbon market

Consequences:

As a result change of climate has occurred which threats

The sustainability of life. The consequences are as follows -:

Melting of polar ice caps and glaciers along with thermal

Expansion of water.

More droughts and floods.

More terrible storms.

Many more hot days.

More diseases like malaria and dengue

Impacts of ecosystem would change the crop production

Potential of a region specially Asia, Africa, South and

Central America.

3)Explain in short on detoxification of chemicals?

DETOXIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS:

Detoxification of hazardous chemicals refers to the process of rendering harmful or toxic substances less harmful
or non- toxic, making them less dangerous to the environment, living organisms, or both. This process is crucial in
managing and mitigating the adverse effects of pollutants on ecosystems, human health and other organisms.
Detoxification can occur through various natural and engineered processes, aiming to reduce the toxicity and
environmental impact of hazardous chemicals.

METHODS OF DETOXIFICATION:

BIODEGRADATION

BIOTRANSFORMATION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

CHEMICAL NEUTRALIZATION

INCINERATION
Explanation:

1)BIODEGRADATION:

DEFINITION:

Biodegradation is the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler, less harmful substances by the
action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and other microbes.

PROCESS:

Microorganisms utilise the hazardous chemicals as a source of energy or nutrients, breaking them down into
smaller, less toxic molecules through enzymatic activities.

RESULTS:

The end products of biodegradation are often harmless substances like water, carbon dioxide, and biomass.

2)BIOTRANSFORMATION:

DEFINITION:

Biotransformation involves modifying the chemical structure of hazardous compounds using biological agents like
microorganisms are their enzymes.

PROCESS:

Microorganisms enzymatically transform hazardous chemicals into metabolites with altered chemical structures,
reducing their toxicity and enhancing their breakdown.

RESULTS:

The transformed metabolites are usually less toxic and more amenable to further degradation or assimilation by
organisms and the environment.

3)PHYTOREMEDIATION:

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove, degrade, or contain hazardous substances in the soil, water, or
air.

PROCESS:

Plants absorb and accumulate hazardous chemicals from the environment through their roots, effectively
removing them from their soil or water.

RESULTS:

The plants can store, degrade, or immobilize the pollutants, making them less harmful or facilitating their removal
from the ecosystem.

4)CHEMICAL NEUTRALIZATION:

DEFINITION:

Chemical neutralization involves changing the pH or chemical composition of hazardous substances to reduce
their toxicity.

PROCESS:
Acids or bases are added to the hazardous chemicals to neutralise their harmful effects and convert them into less
toxic forms.

RESULTS:

The neutralised compounds are less hazardous and can be more easily managed or treated further.

5)INCINERATION:

DEFINITION:

Incineration is a high-temperature combustion process that breaks down hazardous substances into simpler
compounds, often converting them into gases and ashes.

PROCESS:

Hazardous materials are burned at high temperatures in specially designed incinerators.

RESULTS:

This process can reduce the volume and toxicity of hazardous substances, although it may generate air
pollutants depending on the materials incinerated.

CONCLUSION:

Detoxification of hazardous chemicals is a critical aspect of environmental management, ensuring a safer and
healthier environment for both ecosystems and human populations. Various approaches are applied based on the
type and extent of pollution, aiming for effective and sustainable remediation.

4)Discuss in brief about bioaccumulation?

Bioaccumulation refers to the process by which substances, typically toxins or pollutants, accumulate within living
organisms over time. This accumulation occurs at a rate faster than the organism can metabolize or excrete the
substance. Here’s a detailed explanation:

1. Introduction of Toxins/Pollutants: Bioaccumulation begins with the introduction of toxic substances into the
environment. These can include heavy metals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, or other pollutants.

2. Uptake by Organisms: Organisms in the environment, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, come
into contact with these substances through various routes such as air, water, soil, or food sources.

3. Absorption and Storage: Once the substances are absorbed by the organism, they may be stored in
different tissues or organs. Some substances may preferentially accumulate in specific organs depending
on their chemical properties. For instance, heavy metals like mercury tend to accumulate in the liver and
kidneys.
 4. Persistence and Stability: The degree of bioaccumulation depends on the persistence and stability of the
substance in the environment and within the organism. Substances that resist degradation and breakdown
tend to accumulate more readily.

5. Biomagnification: Bioaccumulation can lead to biomagnification, where the concentration of the substance
increases at higher trophic levels in the food chain. Predators at the top of the food chain tend to
accumulate higher levels of toxins than organisms lower down in the food chain.

6. Health Impacts: Bioaccumulated substances can have harmful effects on the health and reproduction of
organisms. They may disrupt biological processes, cause diseases, impair reproductive systems, or
weaken immune responses.

7. Ecological Impact: Bioaccumulation can also have broader ecological implications by affecting population
dynamics, ecosystem stability, and biodiversity. Organisms may suffer population declines or extinctions
due to the accumulation of toxins.

8. Regulatory Concerns: Because of its potential harm to ecosystems and human health, bioaccumulation is a
significant concern for environmental regulators. Regulations and policies are often put in place to limit the
release of toxic substances into the environment and to monitor their levels in organisms.

Overall, understanding bioaccumulation is crucial for assessing environmental risks and developing strategies to
mitigate the impacts of pollution on ecosystems and human populations.

5)Write short note on SCP(Single cell protein) from wastes?

Turning Trash into Treasure: Single Cell Protein from Waste

Single Cell Protein (SCP) is a revolutionary concept that utilizes microorganisms like bacteria, yeast, algae, and
fungi to convert waste into a valuable protein source. This protein can be used as a supplement in human food or
animal feed, offering a sustainable solution to global protein demand and waste management.

Waste as a Feedstock:

Our world generates a significant amount of waste, including agricultural byproducts, food scraps, and even
wastewater. These seemingly useless materials become the fuel for SCP production. Microbes are adept at
breaking down complex organic matter and using it for growth. By cultivating them in controlled environments with
waste as the primary substrate, we can harness their natural abilities to produce protein-rich biomass.

Benefits of SCP from Waste:

Waste Reduction: SCP production diverts organic waste from landfills, reducing methane emissions and
environmental pollution. It promotes a circular economy by turning waste into a valuable resource.
Sustainable Protein Source: Traditional protein sources like meat and soy require vast land and water resources.
SCP offers a land-independent and water-efficient alternative with a faster growth rate.

Nutritional Value: SCP can be rich in protein (often exceeding 50% of its dry weight), essential amino acids,
vitamins, and minerals. By optimizing growth conditions and selecting specific microbes, the nutritional profile can
be tailored for specific needs.

Reduced Environmental Impact: Compared to animal agriculture, SCP production has a significantly lower carbon
footprint and requires fewer resources.

Challenges and Considerations:

Microbial Selection: Different microorganisms have varying growth requirements and protein profiles. Selecting the
right microbe for a specific waste stream and desired end product is crucial.

Process Optimization: Optimizing fermentation conditions like temperature, pH, and nutrient availability is
essential for maximizing SCP yield and maintaining consistent quality.

Consumer Acceptance: Public perception of SCP as a food source needs to be addressed. Strategies to improve
palatability and develop familiar food products using SCP are crucial for wider acceptance.

Safety and Regulation: Rigorous safety assessments are necessary to ensure the absence of pathogens and
toxins in SCP. Establishing clear regulatory frameworks for SCP production and consumption is vital.

6)Write short note on bioenergy ?

Bioenergy: Powering Our Future with Organic Materials

Bioenergy is a renewable energy source that harnesses the power of organic matter, also known as biomass. This
biomass can come from a variety of sources, including:

Plants: Wood chips, energy crops like switchgrass, and agricultural residues like corn stalks.

Animal waste: Manure from livestock operations.

Municipal waste: Food scraps and yard trimmings.

Bioenergy offers a promising alternative to fossil fuels, but it’s important to understand both its benefits and
drawbacks.

The Allure of Bioenergy

There are several reasons why bioenergy is gaining traction:

Renewable Source: Unlike fossil fuels, which take millions of years to form, biomass is constantly being
replenished. By planting new crops or managing forests sustainably, we can ensure a steady supply of bioenergy
feedstock.

Potentially Carbon Neutral: Plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) as they grow. When biomass is burned to
produce energy, the CO2 released is roughly equal to the amount absorbed by the plant, creating a closed loop.
However, this concept of carbon neutrality depends on sustainable practices throughout the bioenergy production
chain.

Versatility: Bioenergy can be used to generate electricity, heat homes and buildings, and even produce biofuels for
transportation. This flexibility makes it a valuable tool in our transition to a clean energy future.
Waste Management: Bioenergy offers a way to convert waste materials like yard trimmings and food scraps into a
valuable resource, reducing our reliance on landfills.

Challenges and Considerations

Despite its potential, bioenergy is not without its challenges:

Sustainability Concerns: Large-scale production of bioenergy crops can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and
increased water use. It’s crucial to ensure that bioenergy production is done sustainably, focusing on fast-growing
crops on non-arable land.

Emissions: While bioenergy can be carbon neutral in theory, the burning process can still release pollutants like
nitrogen oxides. Optimizing combustion techniques and utilizing advanced technologies like carbon capture and
storage can help mitigate these emissions.

Land-Use Competition: Growing crops specifically for bioenergy production could compete with food production
for land resources. Careful planning and utilizing non-food crops can alleviate this concern.

10 Marks

1)Write a detailed account on global environmental changes due to pollution?

Global environmental changes due to pollution encompass a wide range of impacts across various ecosystems
and climate systems. Pollution, arising from human activities such as industrialization, agriculture, transportation,
and urbanization, has profound effects on the environment at local, regional, and global scales. Here's a detailed
overview:

1. Air Pollution:

- Climate Change: Emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous
oxide (N2O) contribute to global warming and climate change.

- Health Impacts: Airborne pollutants like particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) can cause respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and other health issues
in humans and wildlife.

- Ecosystem Damage: Acid rain, a consequence of air pollution containing sulfur and nitrogen compounds,
damages forests, soils, freshwater ecosystems, and aquatic life.

2. Water Pollution:

- Eutrophication: Excessive nutrient runoff from agriculture, sewage, and industrial discharges leads to
eutrophication in water bodies, causing blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish kills.

- Contamination: Chemical pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and industrial
chemicals contaminate groundwater, rivers, lakes, and oceans, posing risks to aquatic life and human health.

- Loss of Biodiversity: Water pollution contributes to the decline of aquatic species and disrupts aquatic
ecosystems’ balance and functioning.
3. Land Pollution:

- Soil Degradation: Pollution from agricultural practices, industrial activities, mining, and waste disposal leads to
soil erosion, salinization, compaction, and contamination, reducing soil fertility and productivity.

- Habitat Destruction: Improper waste disposal, deforestation, and urban sprawl degrade natural habitats,
leading to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services.

- Health Risks: Land pollution exposes humans and wildlife to hazardous substances, pathogens, and toxins,
resulting in health problems and ecological imbalances.

4. Climate Change:

- Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Pollution from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes
increases atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, leading to global warming and climate disruptions.

- Extreme Weather Events: Climate change intensifies heatwaves, storms, floods, droughts, and wildfires,
causing damage to ecosystems, infrastructure, agriculture, and human communities.

- Sea Level Rise: Melting glaciers and ice caps, along with thermal expansion of seawater, contribute to rising
sea levels, threatening coastal regions, island nations, and low-lying areas with inundation, erosion, and saltwater
intrusion.

5. Ecosystem Disruption:

- Loss of Biodiversity: Pollution, habitat destruction, climate change, and other stressors drive species extinction,
disrupt food webs, and degrade ecosystems’ resilience and stability.

- Altered Ecological Dynamics: Changes in species distributions, phenology, behavior, and interactions result
from environmental pollution and climate change, affecting ecosystem functioning and services.

Addressing global environmental changes due to pollution requires concerted efforts at local, national, and
international levels, including regulatory measures, technological innovations, sustainable practices, public
awareness, and collaboration among stakeholders to mitigate pollution sources, protect ecosystems, and promote
environmental sustainability.

2)Describe in detail about the role of hydrophytes plants for pollution recovery process in water?

1. Phytoremediation: This is the primary mechanism by which hydrophytes help clean polluted water. It involves
several processes:

* Absorption: Hydrophytes absorb pollutants directly from the water through their roots, stems, and leaves.

* Degradation: Once absorbed, some plants can break down pollutants into harmless substances through
enzymatic processes.

* Immobilization: Pollutants can also be accumulated and stored in the non-living tissues of the plant, preventing
them from further dispersing in the water body.
2. Nutrient Absorption: Hydrophytes effectively absorb excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from
the water. This helps control the growth of harmful algae, which can deplete oxygen levels and disrupt the aquatic
ecosystem.

3. Filtration: These plants act as natural filters, trapping suspended particles and pollutants like sediment, organic
matter, and bacteria in their roots and leaves. This prevents them from spreading further in the water body and
reduces turbidity, improving water clarity.

4. Oxygen Release: Through photosynthesis, hydrophytes release oxygen into the water. This oxygen is vital for
aquatic life, including fish, invertebrates, and microorganisms, and helps maintain a healthy water ecosystem.

5. Habitat Creation: Hydrophytes provide essential habitat for various organisms, creating a complex and diverse
ecosystem. This fosters a healthy balance among different species within the water body.

Overall, hydrophytes play a significant role in maintaining water quality and reducing pollution through a
combination of phytoremediation, nutrient absorption, filtration, oxygen release, and habitat creation. They offer a
natural and sustainable approach to improving water quality and promoting a healthy aquatic environment.

3)Write on the biotechnological tools for pollutants bioremediation in paper industries?

BIOREMEDIATION:

Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants or prevent
pollution.

The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation.

The other names used for bioremediation are biotreatment, bioreclamation and biorestoration.

INTRODUCTION:

Industrial effluents such as dyes, surfactants, minerals and certain metals from industrial processing poses a
serious threat to aquatic biota and ecosystems. Depending on the amount and composition of effluents, textile
waste is the most damaging contaminant among all the industrial waste day by day rapid growth of population so
that’s why rapidly increasing industrialisation of the country. So all the industries required huge amount of water
for different industrial processes.

WHAT IS WASTE WATER AND EFFLUENTS?

Wastewater is any water that has been contaminated by humans. Wastewater is “Used from any combination of
domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff for stormwater, and any sewer inflow or
sewer infiltration”.

Effluent is an outflowing of water or gas to a natural body of water from a structure such as a Wastewater
Treatment plant, Sewer pipe, or industrial Outfall, Effluent, In Engineering, is the stream exiting chemical reactor.

PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT:

MANUFACTURING PROCESS: Wood is brought from the forest and after a series of processes it is converted
into pulp then the pulp is fed to a paper mission pressing the sheet removes the water by force drying involves air
or heat to remove water from the paper sheets on the paper machine and the most common is the steam heated
can dryer.

WASTE GENERATED FROM PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY:

In pulp and paper making industry large amounts of water is used, producing large amount of wastewater.

Wastewater may contain:

Cellulose fibres

Carbohydrates

Lignin

Nitrogen

Phosphorus and other materials added along the industrial process.

WASTE GENERATED IN PAPER MILLS:

REJECTS

DEINKING SLUDGE

PRIMARY SLUDGE

SECONDARY OR BIOLOGICAL SLUDGE

SOLID WASTE TYPES:

THE SOLID WASTE TYPES CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR POSSIBILITIES FOR FURTHER
PROCESSING

Waste fractions to be recycled

Waste fractions to be landfilled and Hazardous wastes

TREATMENT OF PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENT:

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT:

SCREENING AND GRIT REMOVAL:

Screens means to remove course, bulky and fibrous components from influents.

In this method grit chambers and settling tanks are used.

PRIMARY TREATMENT:

The primary treatment is also called the physical treatment.

It prepares the wastewater for the biological treatment. Oils, greases and suspended solids are removed by
floatation, sedimentation and filtration.

SEDIMENTATION:

It is the physical process in which suspended solids are removed using gravity.

The removal of suspended particles depends upon size and specific gravity of the particles.

FLOATATION:

This technique used for removal of solids on the basis of marginal density differences between solid and water.

This technique basically consists of injecting an aqueous stream containing dissolved air into the wastewater.
The dissolved air forms bubbles when it comes out of solution and carries suspended particles which tend to
concentrate at the top of the chamber.

SECONDARY TREATMENT:

It is biological treatment.

In this treatment the pollutants are degraded by using microorganisms or their enzymes.

The pollutants are used as nutrition for the microbes and they use these pollutants to live and reproduce.

ANAEROBIC TREATMENT:

During anaerobic bacterial degradation of organic matter, Methane gas (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and traces of
other elements are produced.

CH4 can be utilised as renewable energy source, subsiding fossil fuels.

The final sludge is biologically stable and can serve as fertiliser or soil conditioner for agriculture.

The applicability of anaerobic treatment for mixed sludge and wastewater depends strongly on the treatment of
the sewage.

The activity of mesophilic anaerobic bacteria is at optimum at 35 degree Celsius.

At lower temperatures, bacterial activity decreases, which results i lower treatment performances.

AEROBIC TREATMENT:

Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa and other microbes are used in aerobic treatment.

In this the O2 is supplied to the effluent in the form of air by special aeration equipment.

ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT:

The activated sludge process is a type of waste water treatment process for treating industrial waste waters using
aeration and biological flock composed of microorganism.

Activated sludge mechanism takes place in two tanks Aeration tank and Settling tank.

An Aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected in the mixed liquor.

This is followed by a settling tank, to allow the biological flocs to settle. Thus separating the biological search from
the clear treated water.

MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR:

Membrane bioreactor is the latest technology for biological degradation of soluble organic impurities. MBR
technology has been in extensive usage for treatment of domestic sewage.

In the MBR process, the bio-solids are separated by means of a polymeric membrane based on micro filtration or
ultrafiltration unit.

TERTIARY TREATMENT:

It removes specific residuals by chemical precipitation or membrane separation.

CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION:
Chemical precipitation is widely used technique for reduction of colouring matter from paper industry waste
waters.

Aluminium chloride is used.

MEMBRANE FILTRATION:

A membrane is a selective barrier that permits the separation of certain species in a fluid by combination of
sieving and diffusion mechanisms.

Bleach is used to watch the remaining small particles, and then filter it.

Bleaching filtrate is then treated with primary sludge.

CONCLUSION:

The paper waste is the second largest waste in the world so the recycling is its main method to process these
wastes many times as we can and the remaining waste should be treated by different methods physical biological
and physicochemical methods the waste in the end we obtained if cannot be used further or if cannot be degraded
into more simpler form it is then safe to landfill the waste

Cellulose chemical structure:

Lignin chemical structure: