2 - Aplicaciones de Diodos

Chapter 2:
Diode Applications
Load-Line
The applied load to the circuit will normally have an
important impact on the point or region of operation of a
device.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Load-Line Analysis
The load line (the applied load) plots
all possible combinations of diode
current (ID) and voltage (VD) for a
given circuit. The maximum ID
equals E/R, and the maximum VD
equals E.
The point where the load line and

the characteristic curve intersect is
the Q-point, which identifies ID and
VD for a particular diode in a given
circuit.
Quiescent point (abbreviated “Q-

pt.”) to reflect its “still, unmoving”
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 3 Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Series Diode Configurations
Forward Bias
Constants
• Silicon Diode: VD = 0.7 V
• Germanium Diode: VD = 0.3 V
Analysis (for silicon)

• VD = 0.7 V
• VR = E – V D
• ID = IR = IT = VR / R
Series Diode Configurations
Reverse Bias
Diodes ideally behave as open circuits
Analysis
• VD = E
• VR = 0 V
• ID = 0 A
EXAMPLE
For the series diode determine
(a) VDQ and IDQ.
(b) VR.
EXAMPLE
For the series diode configuration, determine VD, VR, and ID.
• Since the applied voltage establishes a current in
the clockwise direction to match the arrow of the
symbol and the diode is in the “on” state,
VD = 0.7 V
EXAMPLE
• Determine Vo and ID for the series circuit
Parallel Configurations
V  0.7 V
D
V V  V  0.7 V
D1 D2 O
V  9.3 V
R
EV 10 V  .7 V
I  D   28 mA
R R .33kΩ
28 mA
I I   14 mA
D1 D2 2
Example
Determine the current I for the network:
Example:
Determine the voltage Vo for the network
Half-Wave Rectification
The diode only

conducts when it is
forward biased,
therefore only half
of the AC cycle
passes through the
diode to the
output.
The DC output voltage is 0.318Vm, where Vm = the peak AC voltage.
PIV (PRV)
Because the diode is only forward biased for one-half of the AC cycle, it is
also reverse biased for one-half cycle.
It is important that the reverse breakdown voltage rating of the diode be

high enough to withstand the peak, reverse-biasing AC voltage without
entering the zener region.
PIV (or PRV) > Vm

• PIV = Peak inverse voltage
• PRV = Peak reverse voltage
• Vm = Peak AC voltage
Full-Wave Rectification
The rectification process can be improved by

using a full-wave rectifier circuit.
Full-wave rectification produces a greater

DC output:
• Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm

• Full-wave: Vdc = 0.636Vm
Bridge Rectifier
• Four diodes are connected in a

bridge configuration
• VDC = 0.636Vm
Center-Tapped Transformer
Rectifier
Requires
• Two diodes
• Center-tapped transformer
VDC = 0.636Vm
Summary of Rectifier Circuits
Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC
Half Wave Rectifier VDC = 0.318Vm
Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636Vm
Center-Tapped Transformer
VDC = 0.636Vm
Rectifier
Vm = peak of the AC voltage.
In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC voltage

is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.
EXAMPLE
Determine the output waveform for the following network and

calculate the output dc level and the required PIV of each diode.
For the positive region of the input voltage
For the negative part of the input the roles of the
diodes will be interchanged and vo will appear as
AND/OR GATES
Positive logic OR gate.
AND/OR GATES
positive logic AND gate
PIV For The Bridge Configuration
The required PIV of each diode at the peak of the positive

region of the input signal. For the indicated loop the maximum
voltage across R is Vm and the PIV rating is defined by PIV Vm
full-wave bridge rectifier
PIV For Center-tapped Transformer
Diode Clippers
Clipper is a variety of diode networks that have

the ability to “clip” off a portion of the input
signal without distorting the remaining part of
the alternating waveform.
Series Clippers
• The diode in a series clipper

“clips” any voltage that does
not forward bias it, such as
half-wave rectifier series
clippers
Biased Clippers
Adding a DC source in
series with the clipping
diode changes the
effective forward bias
of the diode.
Example
Determine the output waveform for the network
The network will appear as below, and vo=vi +5V.
Example
Determine the output waveform for the network
Parallel Clippers
The diode (ideal) in a

parallel clipper circuit
“clips” any voltage that
forward bias it.
DC biasing can be added

in series with the diode
to change the clipping
level.
Example
Determine vo for the following network
Summary of Clipper Circuits
more…
Summary of Clipper Circuits
Clampers
A diode and capacitor

can be combined to
“clamp” an AC signal
to a specific DC level.
Biased Clamper Circuits
The input signal can be any type

of waveform such as sine,
square, and triangle waves.
The DC source lets you adjust

the DC camping level.
In general, the following steps may be helpful when analyzing clamping networks:
1. Start the analysis of clamping networks by considering that part of the input signal that
will forward bias the diode.
2. During the period that the diode is in the “on” state, assume that the capacitor
will charge up instantaneously to a voltage level determined by the network.
3. Assume that during the period when the diode is in the “off” state the capacitor
will hold on to its established voltage level.
4. Throughout the analysis maintain a continual awareness of the location and reference
polarity for Vo to ensure that the proper levels for Vo are obtained.
5. Keep in mind the general rule that the total swing of the total output must
match the swing of the input signal.
Example
Determine vo for the following network for the input indicated.
• The analysis will begin with the period t1 → t2 of the input signal since the diode
is in its short-circuit state as recommended by comment 1.
• For this interval the output is across R, but it is also directly across the 5-V battery
the result is Vo 5 V for this interval.
• Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the input loop will result in
• The capacitor will therefore charge up to 25 V, as stated in comment 2.
• The open-circuit equivalent for the diode will remove the 5-V
battery from having any effect on Vo, and applying Kirchhoff’s
voltage law around the outside loop of the network will result in
Summary of Clamper Circuits
Zener Diodes
The Zener is a diode operated

in reverse bias at the Zener
Voltage (Vz).
• When Vi  VZ
– The Zener is on
– Voltage across the Zener is VZ
– Zener current: IZ = IR – IRL
– The Zener Power: PZ = VZIZ
• When Vi < VZ
– The Zener is off
– The Zener acts as an open circuit
V i and R
1. Determine the state of the Zener diode by removing it from the

network and calculating the voltage across the resulting open
circuit.
2. Substitute the appropriate equivalent circuit and solve for the

desired unknowns.
Example
For the following Zener diode network, determine VL, VR, IZ,
and PZ.
Following the suggested procedure:
Since V L is less than VZ , the diode is in the “off” state.

Substituting the open-circuit equivalent will result in;
Fixed Vi, Variable RL
• To determine the minimum load resistance that will turn the
Zener diode on, simply calculate the value of RL that will result
in a load voltage VL =VZ.
That is,
• Solving for RL, we have
• Once the diode is in the “on” state, the voltage across R remains
fixed at
• and IR remains fixed at
• The Zener current
EXAMPLE
• (a) For the following network , determine the range of RL and IL
that will result in VRL being maintained at 10 V.
• (b) Determine the maximum wattage rating of the diode.
• (a) To determine the value of RL that will turn the Zener diode on
The voltage across the resistor R
• For fixed values of RL, the voltage Vi must be sufficiently large to
turn the Zener diode on. The minimum turn-on voltage Vi Vimin is
determined by
Voltage-Multiplier Circuits
Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes and

capacitors to step up the output voltage of rectifier circuits.
• Voltage Doubler
• Voltage Tripler
• Voltage Quadrupler
Voltage Doubler
This half-wave voltage doubler’s output can be calculated by:
Vout = VC2 = 2Vm
where Vm = peak secondary voltage of the transformer
Voltage Doubler
• Positive Half-Cycle
o D1 conducts
o D2 is switched off
o Capacitor C1 charges to Vm
• Negative Half-Cycle
o D1 is switched off
o D2 conducts
o Capacitor C2 charges to 2Vm
Vout = VC2 = 2Vm
Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler
Practical Applications
• Rectifier Circuits
– Conversions of AC to DC for DC operated circuits
– Battery Charging Circuits
• Simple Diode Circuits

– Protective Circuits against overcurrent
– Polarity Reversal
• Zener Circuits
– Overvoltage Protection
– Setting Reference Voltages

2 - Aplicaciones de Diodos

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2 - Aplicaciones de Diodos

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Chapter 2:

The point where the load line and

Quiescent point (abbreviated “Q-

Analysis (for silicon)

The diode only

The DC output voltage is 0.318Vm, where Vm = the peak AC voltage.

It is important that the reverse breakdown voltage rating of the diode be

PIV (or PRV) > Vm

The rectification process can be improved by

Full-wave rectification produces a greater

• Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm

• Four diodes are connected in a

Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC

Half Wave Rectifier VDC = 0.318Vm

Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636Vm

Vm = peak of the AC voltage.

In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC voltage

Determine the output waveform for the following network and

Positive logic OR gate.

positive logic AND gate

The required PIV of each diode at the peak of the positive

Clipper is a variety of diode networks that have

• The diode in a series clipper

Determine the output waveform for the network

The diode (ideal) in a

DC biasing can be added

Determine vo for the following network

A diode and capacitor

The input signal can be any type

The DC source lets you adjust

will charge up instantaneously to a voltage level determined by the network.

will hold on to its established voltage level.

match the swing of the input signal.

Determine vo for the following network for the input indicated.

• The capacitor will therefore charge up to 25 V, as stated in comment 2.

The Zener is a diode operated

1. Determine the state of the Zener diode by removing it from the

2. Substitute the appropriate equivalent circuit and solve for the

Since V L is less than VZ , the diode is in the “off” state.

• Solving for RL, we have

• The Zener current

The voltage across the resistor R

Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes and

This half-wave voltage doubler’s output can be calculated by:

Vout = VC2 = 2Vm

where Vm = peak secondary voltage of the transformer

Vout = VC2 = 2Vm

• Simple Diode Circuits

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