PDH & SDH

PDH
 PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY.
 A TECHNOLOGY USED IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK TO TRANSPORT LARGE QUANTITY OF
DATA OVER DIGITAL TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT
SUCH AS FIBRE OPTIC AND MICROWAVE RADIO
WAVE SYSTEMS.
 THE TERM “PLESIOCHRONOUS” IS DERIVED FROM
Greek plesio which means near, and chronous, time.
 IT MEANS THAT PDH NETWORKS RUN IN A STATE
WHERE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE NETWORK ARE
ALMOST, BUT NOT QUITE PERFECTLY
SYNCHRONISED.
 PDH
 SENDING A LARGE QUANTITY OF DATA ON FIBRE
OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
 TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION ARE
SYNCHRONIZED BUT TIMING IS NOT.
 THE CHANNEL CLOCKS ARE DERIVED FROM
DIFFERENT MASTER CLOCKS WHOSE RANGE IS
SPECIFIED TO LIE WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS. THE
MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A
“PLESIOCHRONOUS” SIGNAL.
 PDH SIGNALS ARE NEITHER SYNCHRONOUS NOR
ASYNCHRONOUS.
 PDH
 PDH ALLOWS TRANSMISSION OF DATA STREAMS
THAT ARE NOMINALLY RUNNING AT THE SAME
RATE, BUT ALLOWING SOME VARIATION ON THE
SPEED AROUND A NOMINAL RATE.
 BY ANALOGY, ANY TWO WATCHES ARE
NOMINALLY RUNNING AT THE SAME RATE,
CLOCKING UP 60 SECONDS EVERY MINUTE.
 HOWEVER, THERE IS NO LINK BETWEEN
WATCHES TO GUARANTEE THEY RUN AT EXACTLY
THE SAME RATE.
 IT IS HIGHLY LIKELY THAT ONE IS RUNNING
SLIGHTLY FASTER THAN THE OTHER.
 VERSIONS OF PDH
 THERE ARE TWO VERSIONS OF PDH NAMELY
 1) THE EUROPEAN AND 2 ) THE AMERICAN.
 THEY DIFER SLIGHTLY IN THE DETAIL OF THEIR
WORKING BUT THE PRINCIPLES ARE THE SAME.
 EUROPEAN PCM = 30 CHANNELS
 NORTH AMERICAN PCM = 24 CHANNELS
 JAPANESE PCM = 24 CHANNELS
 IN INDIA WE FOLLOW THE EUROPEAN PCM OF 30
CHANNELS SYSTEM WORKING.
 EUROPEAN DIGITAL HIERARCHY

• 30 Channel PCM = 2 Mbps

• 2 Mbps x 4 = 8 Mbps
• 8 Mbps x 4 = 34 Mbps
• 34 Mbps x 4 = 140 Mbps
• 140 Mbps x 4 = 565 Mbps
EUROPEAN PDH HIERARCHY WITH BIT RATES
MUX BIT RATE PARTS PER CHANNELS
MILLION

2 Mbps 2.048 Mbps +/- 50 ppm 30

8 Mbps 8.448 Mbps +/- 30 ppm 120

34 Mbps 34.368 Mbps +/- 20 ppm 480

140 Mbps 139.264 Mbps +/- 15 ppm 1920

 DESCRIPTION OF EUROPEAN E-CARRIER SYSTEM

 THE BASIC DATA TRANSFER RATE IS A STREAM OF 2048 KBPS.

 FOR SPEECH TRANSMISSION, THIS IS BROKEN DOWN INTO 30 X
64 KBIT/S CHANNELS PLUS 2 X 64 KBPS CHANNELS USED FOR
SIGNALLING AND SYNCHRONIZATION.
 ALTERNATIVELY, THE WHOLE 2 MB/S MAY BE USED FOR NON
SPEECH PURPOSES, FOR EXAMPLE, DATA TRANSMISSION.
 THE EXACT DATA RATE OF THE 2 MBPS DATA STREAM IS
CONTROLLED BY A CLOCK IN THE EQUIPMENT GENERATING THE
DATA.
 THE EXACT RATE IS ALLOWED TO VARY SOME PERCENTAGE (+/-
50 PPM) EITHER SIDE OF AN EXACT 2.048 MBPS.
 DIFERENT 2 MBPS DATA STREAMS CAN BE RUNNING AT SLIGHTLY
DIFERENT RATES TO ONE ANOTHER.
 MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE

 IN ORDER TO MOVE MULTIPLE 2 MBPS DATA STREAMS

FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER, THEY ARE COMBINED
TOGETHER OR “MULTIPLEXED” IN GROUPS OF FOUR.
 THIS IS DONE BY TAKING 1 BIT FROM STREAM #1,
FOLLOWED BY 1 BIT FROM STREAM #2, THEN #3, THEN
#4.
 THE TRANSMITTING MULIPLEXER ALSO ADDS ADDITIONAL
BITS IN ORDER TO ALLOW THE FAR END RECEIVING
MULTIPLEXER TO DECODE WHICH BITS BELONG TO WHICH
2 MBPS DATA STREAM, AND SO CORRECTLY RECONSTITUTE
THE ORIGINAL DATA STREAMS.
 THESE ADDITIONAL BITS ARE CALLED “JUSTIFICATION”
BITS OR “STUFFING BITS”
 30 Chl Digital Hierarchy

2.048 Mbps 8.448 Mbps 34.368 Mbps 139.264 Mbps

Primary III Order IV Order

Mux II order Mux Mux
30 Chls Mux 480 Chls 1920 Chls
120 Chls

X4 X4
 DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS
• BIT INTERLEAVING:
• ALTERNATELY EACH CHANNEL CODE
CAN BE SCANNED ONE DIGIT AT A TIME.
THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A
“BIT INTERLEAVED SIGNAL”.
• “BIT INTERLEAVING” IS USED IN HIGHER
ORDER MULTIPLEXING.

A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 D1 D2 D3 D4
 DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS
• BYTE INTERLEAVING
• WORD / BYTE / BLOCK INTERLEAVING:
• IF THE CHANNEL TIME SLOT IS LONG
ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE A GROUP
OF BITS THEN THE MULTIPLEXED
SIGNAL IS CALLED A “ BYTE
INTERLEAVED OR WORD INTERLEAVED
SIGNAL”.

A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 A4 B4 C4 D4
 SLIP, JUSTIFICATION AND JITTER

SLIP – THIS OCCURS WHEN THE INCOMING BIT

RATE DOES NOT MATCH WITH THE DIVIDED
MUX/DEMUX CLOCK RATE. SAME BIT MAY BE
READ TWICE OR LOSS OF BITS WILL OCCUR.
 JUSTIFICATION:- IT IS A PROCESS OF ADDING
ADDITIONAL BITS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF
SLIP.
 JITTER:- DISPLACE MENT OF A PULSE FROM ITS
NORMAL SIGNIFICANT INSTANT IS CALLED JITTER.
 JUSTIFICATION -TYPES

POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION

• JUSTIFICATION NEGATIVE JUSTIFIATION

POSITIVE-NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION
 JUSTIFICATION
 IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS HIGHER THAN TRIBUTARY
RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION.
THIS IS USED UPTO 140 MBPS SYSTEMS.
 IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS LOWER THAN TRIBUTARY
RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION.
 IF ON AN AVERAGE, MUX CLOCK RATE AND
TRIBUTARY BIT RATE ARE EQUAL, IT IS CALLED
POSITIVE-NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION.
 PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN HIGHER ORDER
MULTIPLEXING AND SOLUTIONS FOR THEM

1. MUX CLOCK SPEEDS SHOULD BE SAME AT BOTH THE

ENDS. – SOLUTION :- THIS PROBLEM IS SOLVED BY
USING P L L CIRCUIT AT TERMINAL “B” TO RECOVER THE
CLOCK.
2. SYNCHRONIZATION:- SOLUTION- THIS IS SOLVED BY
FRAME ALIGNMENT WORD (FAW).
3. TRIBUTARY BIT RATE AND MUX CLOCK (DIVIDED)
SHOULD BE THE SAME:- SOLUTION - SOLVED BY PULSE
STUFFING OR BIT STUFFING OR “ JUSTIFICATION”
PROCESS. THISMEANS ADDING ADDITIONAL BITS.
 FOTS
• FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
• SUB SYSTEMS –
• DIGITAL MULTIPLEX SUB SYSTEM.
• OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB
SYSTEM.
• CENTRAL SUPERVISORY SUB SYSTEM
• POWER SUB SYSTEM
• ALARM SUB SYSTEM
 Fiber Optic Cable
• Fig 6.6
 FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
 Fiber Optic Cable
 Consists of many extremely thin strands of solid
glass or plastic bound together in a sheathing
 Transmits signals with light beams
 No risk of sparks, safe for explosive environments
 More expensive than coaxial, but more bandwidth
 Different colors of light are used to simultaneously
send
 Multiple signals
OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB SYSTEM

• OPTICAL LINE TERMINATING

EQUIPMENT.
• LINE SWITCHING EQUIPMENTS
• LINE SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENTS
• ORDERWIRE EQUIPMENTS.
• SUPERVISORY SERVICE DATA
• REMOTE SERVICE DATA
 LIMITATIONS
• LOWER CAPACITY.
• ADD AND DROP DIFFICULT.
• COMPLEX MULTIPLEXING AND
DEMULTIPLEXING.
• NO UNIVERSAL STANDARD
• INTERWORKING BETWEEN
HIERARCHIES COMPLEX.
 DISADVANTAGES OF PDH SYSTEM

 PDH IS NOT IDEALLY SUITED TO THE EFFICIENT DELIVERY

AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BANDWIDH CONNECTIONS.
 PDH IS NO LONGER EFFICIENT TO MEET THE DEMANDS
PLACED ON IT.
 TO ACCESS THE LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARY, THE WHOLE
SYSTEM SHOULD BE DEMULTIPLEXED.
 BANDWIDTH LIMITATIONS – MAX CAPACITY IS 566 MBPS
ONLY.
 NO COMMON STANDARDS AMONG VENDORS.
 TOLERANCE IS ALLOWED IN BIT RATES.
 POINT TO POINT CONFIGURATION ( LINEAR WORKING )
ONLY IS POSSIBLE.
 IT DOES NOT SUPPORT HUB.
 NO PROVISIONING FOR NMS.
 EVOLUTION OF SDH

• FIBER OPTIC BANDWIDTH:Bandwidth of the optical fiber

can be increased and there is no limit
• TECHNICAL SOPHISTICATION:Using VLSI techniques which
is also cost effective
• INTELLIGENCE:Availability of cheaper memory opens new
possibilities
• CUSTOMER SERVICE NEEDS:Requirement of customer
services can be easily met w/o much additional equipments
 EVOLUTION OF SDH
 TOTALLY SYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM.
 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD/SYSTEM – MULTIPLEXING
STANDARD.
 IN 1988, (ITU-T) 18TH STUDY GROUP FORMULATED
CERTAIN STANDARDS FOR MULTIPLEXING.
 THE MAIN AIM IS TO ACCOMMODATE THE EXISTING PDH
SIGNALS ALSO.
 ADOPTING THE DIFFERENT VENDORS EQUIPMENTS.
 DISADVANTAGES OF PDH LED TO THE INVENTION OF SDH.
 DIFFERENT SERVICES
• LOW/HIGH SPEED DATA
• VOICE
• INTERCONNECTION OF LAN
• COMPUTER LINKS
• FEATURE SERVICES LIKE HDTV
• BROAD BAND ISDN TRANSPORT
 EXISTING NETWORK

• 565 Mbps
5
6
5 TH ORDER
5

m
140 Mbps
4 RTH ORDER
b
/ 34 Mbps
s
3RD ORDER

8 Mbps
2 ND ORDER

2 Mbps
 WHAT IS SDH ?

SYNCHRONOUS :
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.
DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.

HIERARCHY:
SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL
ORDER.
 WHAT IS SDH?
 SDH IS A HIERARCHICAL SET OF INFORMATION
STRUCTURE (DIGITAL TRANSPORT STRUCTURE) TO CARRY
PAY LOAD.
 SDH MULTIPLEXING:- A PROCEDURE BY WHICH MULTIPLE
LOWER ORDER PATH LAYER SIGNALS ARE ADAPTED INTO
HIGHER ORDER PATH OR MULTIPLE HIGHER PATH LAYER
SIGNALS ARE ADAPTED INTO MUX SECTION LAYER.
 POINTER DEFINES FRAME OFFSET VALUE OF A VIRTUAL
CONTAINER.
 SDH MAPPING:- THE PROCEDURE BY WHICH THE
TRIBUTARY ARE ADAPTED INTO VIRTUAL CONTAINERS AT
THE BOUNDARY OF THE SDH NETWORK.
 ADVANTAGES OF SDH
1. SIMPLIFIED MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES.
2. DIRECT ACCESS TO LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARIES.
3. ACCOMMODATES EXISTING PDH SIGNALS.
4. CAPABLE OF TRANSPORTING BROADBAND SIGNALS.
5. MULTI-VENDOR, MULTI OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT.
6. PROTECTION SWITCHING TO TRAFFIC IS OFFERED BY RINGS.
7. ENHANCED BANDWIDTH.
8. NMS FACILITY.
9. UNLIMITED BANDWIDTH
10. GROWTH OF THE EXISTING TO THE HIGHER ORDER SYSTEM IS
SIMPLE.
• The Container (C)
– Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
– Synchronous to the STM-1
– Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing
procedure
– Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing
bits
– Bit by bit stuffing
• The Virtual Container (VC)
– Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path
Overhead)
– Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
– A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
• The Tributary Unit (TU)
– Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
• The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
– Combines several TUs for a new VC
• The Administrative Unit (AU)
– Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
• The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1
(STM-1)
– Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
– Clock justification through positive-zero-negative
stuffing in the AU pointer area
– byte by byte stuffing
STM1 Frames
 270 Columns (Bytes)
270
transmit
1 9 row by row
1
RSOH
3
4 AU Pointer Payload
5 (transport capacity)

MSOH

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 µs
 FRAME REPRESENTATION

1ST ROW 2ND ROW 3RD ROW 9TH ROW

9 261 9 261 9 261 9

261
9 261
I I I

S
O PAY LOAD
H

I 270 I
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
 REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140Mbps

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

C-3 34Mbps

TUG-2

TU-1 VC-1 C-1 2Mbps

(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)

 Containers: C-3, C-2, C-12 and C-11

Container Carries signals at

C-11 1.544 Mbit/s
C-12 2.048 Mbit/s
C-2 6.312 Mbit/s

C-3 34.368 Mbit/s and 44.736 Mbit/s

C-4 139.264 Mbit/s

 TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS

• SDH:Set of hierarchical structures,standardized for the

transport of suitably adapted pay load over physical
transmission network
• STM:Synchronous transport module
• It is the information structure used to support section
layer connections in SDH
• VIRTUAL CONTAINER :used to support path layer connections
in the SDH
• LOWER ORDER VC ( VC1,VC2,VC3)
• HIGHER ORDER VC (VC3 ,VC4)
 SDH BIT RATES

SDH Levels Bit rates in Kbps

STM-1 155520
STM-4 622080
STM-16 2488320
STM-64 9953.28
 SOH BYTE ALLOCATION
A1A2 Frame alignment

B1B2 Error monitoring

D1..D3 Data comm channel for RSOH

D4..D12 Data comm channel for MSOH

E1-E2 Order wire channel

F1 Maintenance

J0 STM Identifier

K1 K2 Automatic protection switching

S1 SYNCHRONISATION STATUS
M1 Txmn Error acknowledgement
Media dependent bytes
 2 Mbps mapping

STM-1 AUG AU-4 VC-4

x3

TUG-3

x7

STM-n Synchronous Transport Module TUG-2

Administrative Unit Group: One or x3
AUG more AU(s)
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1: 2.048Mb/s
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
AU-n
Virtual Container: payload + path
VC-n overhead
The following are the different steps in the
mapping of 2Mbps stream
• Formation of container C12
• Formation of virtual container VC12
• Formation of tributary unit TU12
• Multiplexing of TU12 ‘s to form TUG3
• Multiplexing of TUG3‘s to form VC4
• Formation of administrative unit AU4
• Formation of administrative unit group AUG
• Adding SOH to form STM1
 SDH NETWORK ELEMENTS
• The different network elements are
 SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER
 SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS
CONNECT
 REGENERATOR
 NMS
 NETWORK ELEMENTS
• SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER
• As per ITU-T Rec. synchronous
multiplexer performs both
multiplexing and live line terminating
functions.
• synchronous multiplexer replaces a
bank of plesiochronous multiplexers
and associated line terminating
equipment.
 SYNCHRONOUS MUX
• Types of synchronous
multiplexers
• TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)
• ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)
 TM
• TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)
• TM Accepts a no. Of tributary
signals and multiplex them to
appropriate optical/electrical
aggregate signal viz
STM1,STM4,STM16 etc.
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)
• ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)
• ADM is designed for ‘THRU’ mode
of operation.
• Within ADM its possible to ADD
channels or DROP channels from
‘THROUGH CHANNELS’
• ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)
• At an ADM site ,only those signals that
need to be accessed are dropped or
inserted
• The remaining traffic continues thru
the NE without requiring special pass
thru units or other signal processing
 ADM
• ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)

AGGREGATE SIGNAL AGGREGATE SIGNAL

SDH(E/O) SDH(E/O)

ADM

TRIBUTARY SIGNALS (PDH/SDH)

 ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)
• ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)
• CROSS CONNECT EQUIPMENT
• Cross connect equipment functions as a
semi permanent switch for varying
bandwidth control it can pick out one or
more lower order channels for
transmitting signal without transmission
channels
• Channels can be 64Kbps up to STM1
• Under software program the need of
demultiplexing
 TYPES OF NETWORK
TOPOLOGY

• STRING/BUS/LINEAR Topology
• RING Topology
• STAR Topology
• MESH Topology
 STRING/BUS/LINEAR
TOPOLOGY

TM ADM
REG TM
ADM ADM

Aggregate signal (STM1/STM4/STM16)

Tributary (2/34/140Mbps/STM1(e)/ STM1(o))

signal
 RING TOPOLOGY
• Ring is a linear network looped back to
itself
• Network elements are ADM’s or
REGENERATORS
• Every node on a ring has two
communication paths to each other node
via the two directions around the ring.
 RING TOPOLOGY

ADM

DM
A

ADM

G
RE
ADM

(STM1/STM4/STM16)
Aggregate signal
Tributary (2/34/140Mbps/STM1(e)/ STM1(o))
signal
 RING TOPOLOGY
• Ring network is self healing type(allowing
rerouting of traffic when a link fails).
• The simple topology of a ring facilitates
the implementation of protocols that can
detect failure of a fiber segment or node
and rapidly reestablish communications,
typically in timeframes on the order of
milliseconds. This is referred to as
protection or protection switching
 RING TOPOLOGY

• Rings gives greater flexibility in the

allocation of band width to the
different users.
• Normally used in LAN,WAN, Core
Network,Regional Network etc.
 STAR TOPOLOGY

• Traffic passes thru a central node

called HUB.
• The HUB is a DXC.
• If HUB fails ,total traffic fails.