Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech
• The meaning of a word and the way it is used in
a sentence determines its parts of speech.
NOUNS
• Nouns are labels that are given to the
people, place and things about which
human communicate.
NOUN
Person: woman, cousin, pilot, Mr. Lopez, Aunt
Margaret
Place: university, Main Street, desert, Ohio
NOUN
Things encompasses visible things, ideas, actions,
conditions, and qualities.
Visible Things: shark, wheat, refrigerator
Ideas: Abolition, militarism, evolution
Actions: dispute, construction, communication
Conditions: fear, loneliness, ownership
Qualities: integrity, assurance, vulgarity
TIP:
• Knowing the endings often found on nouns can sometimes aid in
identifying them. Some of the most common noun suffixes are –dom,
-ics, -ion, -ism, -ment, -ness, and –ship.
EXAMPLES:
Freedom shyness
Aeronautics leadership
Frustration
Socialism
Entertainment
CONCERETE AND ABSTRACT
NOUN
• A concrete noun names something that you can physically see, touch,
taste, hear, or smell. An abstract noun names something that is
nonphysical, that you cannot readily perceive through any of your five
senses.
CONCERETE ABSTRACT
fork nationalism
garlic era
critic career
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
• Nouns can indicate number. Singular nouns name one person, place
or thing. Plural nouns name more that one. Most plural nouns are
formed irregularly and must be memorized.
Singular Plural (Regular) Singular Plural
(Regular) (Irregular) (Irregular)
Valley valleys Mouse mice

Lash lashes Ox oxen

Sky skies nucleus nuclei

COLLECTIVE NOUNS
• Nouns that name groups of people or things are called collective
nouns. Although a collective noun looks singular, its meaning may be
either singular or plural depending on how you use it in a sentence.

• Examples:
council orchestra
delegation team
entourage troop
Compound Nouns
A noun that is composed of two or more words
acting as a single unit classed compound noun.
For example, the noun milk and the noun snake
can act together to name a particular animal –
milk shake.
Compound nouns may appear in three forms: as
separate words, as hyphenated words, or as
combined words.
COMPOUND
Separated
crab grass, player piano, snake dance
Hyphenated
jack-in-the-box, light-year, sister-in-law
Combined
dragonfly, eardrum, starfish
COMMON AND PROPER
• All nouns are categorized as either common or proper. A common
noun names any one of a class of people, place, or things. A proper
noun names a specific person, place, or thing.
COMMON
playwright, island, building
PROPER
Lilian, Taj Mahal, Maui, Sicily
LET’S TRY 
Copy the following list of nouns. Then identify each according to
whether it (1) names a person, place, or thing (2) is concrete or abstract
(3) is singular or plural (4) is collective (5) is compound (6) is common
or proper

EXAMPLE: pleasure
(1) Thing (2) abstract (3) singular (4) not collective (5) not compound
(6) common
1. jump suit
2. tomato
3. giraffes
4. San Francisco
5. herd
6. privileges
7. hope
8. flock
9. life preservers
10. ugliness
Please put you answer in a word file. Send your answer, together with
the exercises about pronoun, to my email,
jealyn_manalo@southville.edu.ph
Kindly send you answers until 4pm, today. Thank you.
Pronouns
Pronouns are words that stand for nouns or words that take the place
of a noun.

Examples:
Jan and Ken went to the dance. They thought it was the best so far this
year.
Swimming the Hellespont is a difficult feat. It was accomplished by Lord
Byron when he was in his early thirties.
Antecedents

Antecedents are nouns for which pronouns

stand.
Example:
After their performance, the actors went to a
party.
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are used to refer to the person speaking, the person
spoken to, or the person, place, or thing spoken about.

Singular Plural

First Person I, me, my, mine We, us, our, ours

Second Person You, your, yours You, your, yours

Third Person He, she, it, him, her, his, They, them, theirs, their
her, hers, its
Reflexive and Intensive
Pronouns
Reflexive and intensive pronouns have the same form– both end in –
self or –selves.
Reflexive pronouns are used to add information to a sentence by
pointing back to a noun or pronoun near the beginning of the sentence.
Intensive pronouns are used simply to add emphasis to a noun or
pronoun.
 Singular Plural
First Person Myself Ourselves
Second Person Yourself Yourselves
Third Person Himself, herself, themselves
itself
Reflexive: Cats clean themselves carefully after each meal.

Intensive: You yourself agreed that the house needs painting.

Demonstrative Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a specific person, place,
or thing.

Singular (Demonstrative Pronouns)

this, that That is an ambulance siren.
Plural (Demonstrative Pronouns)
these, those A box old photographs and my guitar- these
were all I had been able to salvage from the fire.
Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun is used to begin a subordinate clause
and relate it to another idea in the sentence.
that, which, who, whom, whose
Examples:
We began reading The Cyclops which is a play
Euripides.
I wish to thank Leonard Cook to whom we are grateful.
Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun is used to begin a direct or indirect
question.

IP- what, which, who, whom, whose

Direct Question: What fell from the ledge?
Indirect Question: He had two problems. I asked which
needed to be solved.
Indefinite Pronoun
Indefinite pronouns are used to refer to persons,
places, or things, often without specifying which ones.

Singular- Another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either,

everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither,
nobody….
Plural- both, few, many, other, several
Singular or plural- all, any, more, most, none, some, such
Adjectives

An adjective is a word used to describe a

noun or pronoun or to give it a more specific
meaning.
An adjective can answer four questions about a noun or pronoun.
What kind? Which one? How many? And How much?

Examples:
Green fields (What kind of fields?)
the left window (Which window?)
six lobsters (How many lobsters?)
extensive rainfall (How much rainfall?)
Articles
The three common adjectives– a, an, and the– are known as articles. A
and an are called indefinite articles because they refer to any one of a
class of nouns. The refers to a specific noun and, therefore, is called the
definite article.

Indefinite: a dictator an outrage

Definite: the tarantula
Noun adjective: pencil sharpener mail clerk
Proper adjectives: Monday morning Denmark
porcelain
Compound adjectives: ready-made clothes
crossword puzzle
Verbs used as Adjectives: crying baby enlightened
parents
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, and
another adverb.

When the adverb modifies a verb, it will answer any of the

following questions: Where? When? In what manner? Or To
what extent?
Adverbs modifying verbs
Inflation zoomed upward. She never cleaned my room.
The jurors remained there. Later, we toured the museum.

He officially announced it. His temper was still boiling.

She was graciously helping. He always did it right.
Adverbs modifying
adjectives/adverbs
To what extent?
Adjectives
The solution was quite logical.
It as extremely sour lemon.

Adverbs
He worked very competently.
I am not completely finished.
Write each adverb and the word
that it modifies.
1. A southerly storm approached quickly, drenching the area with an
extremely heavy downpour.
2. Almost apologetically, she presented her handmade gift.
3. Her ghastly pallor was attributed to the extremely long illness from
which she had recently recovered.
4. I was extremely happy with the final product.
5. He often prattles continuously and monotonously.