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Darcy 001
Darcy 001
V = – K (∆h/∆L)
and since
Q = VA (A = total area)
Q = – KA (dh/dL)
Hydraulic Conductivity
Av voids
A = total area
Darcy & Seepage Velocity
• Thus V S = VD / n
Equations of Groundwater Flow
• Description of ground water flow is based on:
Darcy’s Law Continuity Equation -
describes conservation of fluid
mass during flow through a
porous medium; results in a partial
differential equation of flow.
ρVx ∂
ρVx + ( ρVx )
∂x
y
€
Mass In - Mass Out =€ Change in Storage
∂ ∂ ∂
− ( ρVx ) − ( ρVy ) − ( ρVz ) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Derivation of 3-D GW Flow
Equation from Darcy’s Law
Replace Vx, Vy, and Vz with Darcy using Kx, Ky, and Kz
∂ ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂h ⎞
⎜ρK x ⎟+ ⎜ρK y ⎟ + ⎜ρK z ⎟= 0
∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂z ⎠
∂ 2h ∂ 2h ∂ 2h
2
+ 2 + 2 =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇ 2 h = 0 called Laplace Eqn.
Transient Saturated Flow
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
− ( ρVx ) − ( ρVy ) − ( ρVz ) = ( ρn )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
A change in h will produce change in and n, replaced
with specific storage Ss = g( + n). Note, is the compressibility of
aquifer and B is comp of water,
therefore,
∂ ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂h
⎜K x ⎟+ ⎜K y ⎟ + ⎜K z ⎟ = Ss
∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂z ⎠ ∂t
Solutions to GW Flow Eqns.
Solutions for only a few simple problems can be
obtained directly - generally need to apply numerical
methods to address complex boundary conditions.
∂ 2h ∂ 2h ∂ 2h
2
+ 2 + 2 =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇ 2 h = 0 called Laplace Eqn.
h0 h1
€
Transient Saturated Flow
Simplifying by assuming K = constant in all dimensions
And assuming that S = Ssb, and that T = Kb yields
∂ 2 h ∂ 2 h ∂ 2 h Ss ∂h
2
+ 2 + 2 =
€ ∂x ∂y ∂z K ∂t
2 S ∂h
∇ h= from Jacob, Theis
T ∂t
Steady State Flow to Well
Simplifying by assuming K = constant in all dimensions
and assuming that Transmissivity T = Kb and
Q = flow rate to well at point (x,y) yields
2 2
∂h ∂h Q( x, y )
2
+ 2 =−
∂x ∂y T
€
Example of Darcy’s Law
• A confined aquifer has a source of recharge.
• K for the aquifer is 50 m/day, and n is 0.2.
• The piezometric head in two wells 1000 m
apart is 55 m and 50 m respectively, from a
common datum.
• The average thickness of the aquifer is 30
m, and the average width of aquifer is 5 km.
Compute:
• a) the rate of flow through the aquifer
• (b) the average time of travel from the head of the
aquifer to a point 4 km downstream
• *assume no dispersion or diffusion
The solution
• Cross-Sectional area= 30(5)(1000) =
15 x 104 m2
• Hydraulic gradient = (55-50)/1000
= 5 x 10-3
• Rate of Flow for K = 50 m/day
Q = (50 m/day) (75 x 101
m2) = 37,500 m3/day
• Darcy Velocity: V = Q/A =
(37,500m3/day) / (15 x 104 m2) =
0.25m/day
• Seepage Velocity:
And Vs = V/n = (0.25) / (0.2) =
1.25 m/day (about 4.1 ft/day)
30 ft
Example 2
• Consider a 1-ft length of river (and channel).
Q = KA [(h1 – h2) / L]
• Where:
A = (30 x 1) = 30 ft2 K
= (0.25 ft/hr) (24 hr/day) = 6 ft/day
• Therefore,
Q = [6 (30) (120 – 110)] / 2000
= 0.9 ft3/day/ft length = 0.9 ft2/day
Permeameters