Movement OF WATER and inorganic ions

up the XYLEM IN PLANTS

ROOT PRESSURE THEORY

COHESION-TENSION THEORY AND
TRANSPIRATION PULL
CAPILLARITY THEORY
ROOT PRESSURE THEORY ]

Root pressure is a hydrostatic pressure pushing water up the xylem

Water is absorbed from the soil by the root hairs

By osmosis its decrease the water potential gradient

Water moves from cell to cell through the cytoplasm down the water potential gradient

Mineral ions are actively transported out of the endodermal cells into the xylem vessels

Lowering the water potential in the xylem

Raising the hydrostatic pressure

Soil hypotonic and root hypertonic

Guttation Water droplets exude from the leaves

Cohesion –tension theory and transpiration
pull
intermolecular attraction that explains the process of water flow upwards (against the force of gravity) 

Cohesion- tension model explains how water travels up the xylem to leaves

As plant leaves transpire water ,a tension is created that pulls water from roots to leaves

This tension is maintained because water molecules display an attraction to another called cohesion

water is cohesive due to hydrogen bonds,  

Hydrogen bonds among water molecules resist rupturing(cohesion) so water is pulled upwards

Water
Water evaporates
evaporates from
from the
the cells
cells and
and leaves
leaves the
the plant
plant once
once the
the stomata
stomata open
open

This creates a suction which pulls more water into the leaf

Water also adheres to the xylem elements in a process called adhesion

Adhesion-water molecules form hydrogen bonds with xylem cell wall

Transpiration pull-When water is pulled out from the xylem vessels by capillary action, a low pressure is
created inside the xylem
 Capillarity theory

Capillary action is the ability of a liquid, such as water, to move up or down a

narrow space such as tube without the assistance of external forces and against
the force of gravity

the capillarity of water through the xylem tissue of plants is important

because it allows plants to transport water and nutrients from  their roots to
structure

In water, capillary action is due to the hydrogen bonds amongst the

molecules of water.

Capillary action is a result of the adhesion of water molecules to the sides of a

small tube and the cohesion of water molecules to one another.

When the adhesion of water to the surface of a tube is stronger than the
cohesion of water molecules to one another, the water molecules move up
the tube

This upward movement is called capillary action