SEJARAH DAN

PERKEMBANGAN ILMU BEDAH

KELOMPOK 1
IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING SURGICAL HISTORY

study of medicine is a lifelong learning process

EDUCATIONAL EFFORT
MORE PLEASUREABLE

PROVIDE CONSTANT
INVIGORATION
There is no way to separate present-day surgery
and one's own
practice from the experiences of all the surgeons in
all the
preceding years.

Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological Basis of
Modern Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
4 FUNDAMENTAL CLINICAL PREREQUISITES
 Knowledge of human anatomy
 Method of controlling hemorrhage and
maintaining intra-operative hemostasis
 Anesthesia to permit the performance of pain-
free procedures
 Explanation of the nature of infection, along
with the elaboration of methods necessary to
achieve an antiseptic and aseptic operating
room environment

Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012.

The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada :
Elsevier.
 KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN ANATOMY

Andrea Vesalius (1514-1564)

Professor of anatomy and surgery
Doctor family
Maximillian 1
De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem
(1543), charles V
He described the omentum and its
connections with the stomach, the spleen
 and the colon

Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012.

The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada :
Elsevier.
 METHOD OF CONTROLLING HEMORRHAGE

Ambroise Paré (1510-1590)

an army surgeon
other surgeons  boiling oil as a means of
cauterizing fresh gunshot wounds
Paré  use of a less irritating emollient of
egg yolk, rose oil, and turpentine
performing an amputation  to ligate
individual blood vessels
"Je le pansay. Dieu le guérit,

Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012.

The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada :
Elsevier.
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF
SURGICAL DISEASES

John Hunter (1728-1793)

A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and
Gun-Shot Wounds (1794)
experimental animal surgery as a way to
understand the pathophysiologic basis of
surgical diseases
research and clinical work  of separate
organ systems, with comparisons of these
systems, from the simplest animal or plant
to humans, demonstrating the interaction
of structure and function.

Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012.

The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada :
Elsevier.
ANESTHESIA
In the preanesthetic era, surgeons were forced to be more
concerned about the speed with which an operation was
completed
By the early 1830s  chloroform, ether, and nitrous oxide
On October 16, 1846, William T.G. Morton (1819-1868), a
Boston dentist, persuaded John Collins Warren (1778-1856),
professor of surgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital
 administer sulfuric ether to a surgical patient from whom
Warren went on to remove a small, congenital vascular
tumor of the neck painlessly.

Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012.

The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada :
Elsevier.
 ANTISEPSIS, ASEPSIS, AND UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF INFECTION

Joseph Lister’s (1827-1912)

antisepsis in the treatment of wounds and the
performance of surgical operations 
preventing surgical infection
method of destroying bacteria by excessive
heat could not be applied to a surgical
patient
By 1865, Lister was instilling pure carbolic acid
into wounds and onto dressings

Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012.

The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada :
Elsevier.
X-RAYS
Especially prominent among other late 19th century
discoveries
had an enormous impact on the evolution of surgery
research conducted by Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)
invisible rays capable of passing through solid objects,
his hand were able to be revealed on a specially treated
photographic plate.

Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012.

The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada :
Elsevier.
much of the deep suppuration found in wounds was created by
previously contaminated silk ligatures
Lister developed sterile absorbable sutures

Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012.

The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada :
Elsevier.
 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

Prehistorical humans, using the most rudimentary

surgical instruments, were able to bore open a human
skull
It is more likely that trephinations were carried out for
spiritual or magical reasons and used in cases of
epilepsy, headache, or mental illness
From ancient Egypt  the Edwin Smith papyrus,
written around 1600 BC  surgical problems

Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springe
 GREEK CIVILIZATION

Numerous "schools" of medicine (associations

of philosophers, priest-physicians,
practitioners, and students)
"father of modem medicine,“  Hippocrates
He was able to disassociate medicine
permanently from the religious mysticism
A collection of 72 medical works has become
known as the Corpus Hippocraticum

Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springe
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Cornelius Celsus (25 BC to AD 50)
 description of the characteristics of inflammations: redness, swelling,
heat, and pain (rubor, tumor, calor, and dolor, respectively)
Galen (AD 129-199)
 Chief surgeon to the Roman gladiators
 the use of various surgical instruments
 Discussion of inflammation and tumors

Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springe
THE MIDDLE / MEDIEVAL AGES
monks were forbidden to perform surgical operations
this skill fell mostly to the "barbers“
By the 13th and 14th centuries, surgical techniques were
beginning to mature at the hands of barber-surgeons

Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springe
School of Salerno
 situated near Naples on the Gulf of Paestum
 The most important of early medieval surgical manuscripts, “the Bamberg
Surgery”
 covering wounds and fractures of the skull, general wounds of the body,
surgical lesions of eye and ear, diseases of the skin, fractures and
dislocations, hemorrhoids, herniorrhaphy, bloodletting, and cautery

Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springe
THE RENAISSANCE
the great revival of learning via the arts, humanities, and
growth of scientific thought
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564
 De Humani Corporis Fabrica  provide anatomical dissection
 Also research on the vascular system and the question of the
circulation of blood
each European country began to develop its own recognizable
practice of surgery.

Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springe
REFERENCE
Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The
Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada :
Elsevier.
Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition.
2008. USA : Springer.