The argumentS

Offer a set of reasons or evidence in

support of a conclusion. (Anthony
Weston. 2006)
The issuer is informed and
investigated by:

 Reasoning Search in the receiver

 Tests

Generate your own statements or opinions

(premises) clearly.

Its purpose is::

To convince
 Some rules
When making an argument

1. Distinguish between premises and conclusion:

2. Present your ideas in natural order

3. Reliable premises

4. Be concrete and concise, avoid general, vague or abstract terms.

5. Avoid emotional language

6. Use consistent terms (create clear connections between the premises and the conclusion).

7. Use a single meaning for each term. (avoid ambiguities in words)

 ARGUMENT TYPES

 By Analogy

 From authority

 Examples

 About Causes
 By Analogy

 When an argument accentuates the similarities between two cases, it is very

likely to be an argument by analogy.

 Similar between two entities in one or more aspects (they only require relevant
similarities).

 The first premise of an argument by analogy makes a statement of the example

used as an analogy. The second premise states that the example of the first
premise is similar to the example about which the argument draws a conclusion.
 EXAMPLES

1. People take their car to fix and check every few months without questioning.
And why not provide the same care to your own body?

Premises:

People know that you have to take your car to the review on a regular basis
(otherwise, larger problems may occur).

People's bodies are similar to cars (because human bodies can also develop problems,
if they are not checked regularly).

Conclusion:

Therefore, people should also go to a checkup and review on a regular basis

 From authority

We cannot taste all the wines in the world to decide which one is the best.
Nor can we know how the Socrates trial actually developed.
Nor can we know first-hand what is happening in the state legislature, in Sri-
Lanka or in outer space. Instead, we have to rely on others - more documented
people, organizations or reference works to explain much of what we need to
know about the world.

That is why we need what are called authority arguments.

General criteria for this type of arguments:

Sources must be cited

That the sources (authorities cited) are well informed
The impartiality of the sources

Check the sources

NO:
On one occasion I read that there are cultures in
that makeup and clothes are basically the
business of men.

YES

Carol Beckwith says in the «Niger's Wodaabe» (National

Geographic164, n.° 4, octubre de 1983:483-509)
that among the West African peoples Fulani, such as the
Wodaabe, makeup and clothing are basically the business of
man.
 By examples

 Are those arguments that offer one or more specific examples in support for
a generalization.

 These are particular cases, situations taken from reality, events that present
their evidence in reality. (used to extract a general rule)

Example:

Women in earlier times were married very young. Juliet in

Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet was not even fourteen years old.
In the Middle Ages thirteen was the normal age of marriage for a
Jewish woman. And during the Roman Empire many Roman
women were married while thirteen or younger
Premises:

 Juliet in Shakespeare's play was not even fourteen years old.

 Jewish women during the Middle Ages were normally married
 at thirteen.
 Many Roman women during the Roman Empire were married while thirteen or
younger.

Therefore, many women in earlier times were married very young

 About Causes

 Explain why something happens something arguing about its causes

 This argument not only explains how a cause can lead to an effect.
 In some arguments its source is cited and explains why this source is well
informed.
 Ask yourself: Does the argument explain how the cause leads to affection? Does
the conclusion propose the most likely cause?
 EJEMPLO:

NO:
Most of my friends who have an open mind are cults. Most of my friends who have a
less open mind are not. Reading, then, leads to an open mind.

YES:

Most of my friends who have an open mind are cults. Most of my friends who have a
less open mind are not. It seems likely that the more you read, the more you will
encounter new stimulating ideas, ideas that will make you less confident in yours.
Reading also takes you out of your daily world and shows you how different and
varied lifestyles there can be. Reading, then, leads to an open mind.
 BIBLIOGRAFÍA

______ (S.F). Conectores de consecuencia. Consultado el 18 de abril de 2014. Tomado de

http://causyconse.blogspot.com/
______(S.F). Razonamiento analógico. Consultado el 18 de abril de 2014.
Tomado de http://www.filosoficas.unam.mx/~cruzparc/copicap11.pdf

Rivera, P. (2013). Las claves de la argumentación Anthony Weston. Consultado el 19

de abril de 2014. Tomado de http://
es.slideshare.net/alfapatico242912/las-claves-de-la-argumentacin-anthony-weston
Ticeduco (2013). Tipos de argumentos. Tomado de
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RLQyWHhSr4&spfreload=1

Weston, A. (2006). Las claves de la argumentación. Ed. Ariel, 11ª Ed., Barcelona.