RESEARCH PROPOSAL

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Ru/C AND Pd/C

CATALYSTS FOR HYDRODEOXYGENATION IN
BIO OIL UPGRADING

Eka Putri Rahayu

1112096000042

Advisor I Advisor II

Dr. Dieni Mansur, M.Eng Dr. Sri Yadial Chalid, M.Si.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2015 M / 1437 H
OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION
• Background
• Problems
• Hypothesis
• Purposes
• Advantages

THEORI
• Palm Kernel Shells
• Bio-oil
• Hydrodeoxygenasi
• Catalyst

METHOD
• Time and Place
• Materials
• Flow Chart
• Method
INTRODUCTION

(Q.S. Al-An’am: 165).

“Dialah yang menjadikan kamu penguasa-penguasa di bumi dan Dia

meninggikan sebahagian kamu atas sebahagian (yang lain) beberapa derajat,
untuk mengujimu tentang apa yang diberikan-Nya kepadamu”.
Background

Q.S. Al-An’am 165

Pyrolysis

Catalytic Can not be used

Upgrading directly as
Hydrodeoxygenation
liquid fuel
(HDO)
Bio-oil

Catalyst Ru/C and Pd/C:

(Wildschut et al., 2009).  1%
(Bridgewater et al., 2012).  3%
 5%
Problem

 How is the effects of concentration active component in Ru/C and Pd/C

catalysts into their catalytic characteristics?
 How is the effect of Ru/C and Pd/C catalysts to oxygen content of bio-oil
after HDO process?

Hyphotesis

 The higher of concentration active component in Ru/C and Pd/C catalysts

can increase the result of catalytic characteristics.
 Ru/C and Pd/C catalyst in HDO process can reduce oxygen content of bio-
oil.
Purposes

 Determine the concentration optimum of active component in Ru/C and

Pd/C catalysts to catalytic characteristics.
 Obtain bio-oil product of process HDO with low oxygen content in order to
produce high heating value of bio oil.

Advantages

 Reduce of waste from palm oil plantation.

 Give information about optimum Ru/C and Pd/C catalysts for HDO reaction
of bio oil.
 Develop an effective catalyst for process HDO catalytic upgrading that can
be used continuously.
THEORI
Palm Kernel Shells

Palm kernel shells produced 6.5%

per tonne of fresh fruit bunches

Used as boiler fuel

Only able to reduce 40% of the total

amount of waste palm kernel shells

Component Value (%)

Selulose 26.6
Hemiselulose 27.7
Lignin 29.4
Water 8.0
Ekstractive Component 4.2
Ash 0.6
Anhidrat Uronat 3.5
Nitrogen 0.6
Sulfur 0.5
Bio oil

Production bio-oil used fast

pyrolysis biomass (450-600 °C)

Dark, smelled like smoke,

a mixture of organic compounds.
Component Bio-oil Crude Oil
Moisture Content(wt %) 15–30 0.1
pH 2.8–3.8 -
Density(kg/L) 1.05–1.25 0.86
Viscosity50 °C (cp) 40–100 180
HHV (MJ/kg) 16–19 44
C (wt %) 55–65 83-86
O (wt %) 28–40 <1 Bio-oil pyrloysis mostly
H (wt %) 5–7 11–14 contains of oxygen, it is
S (wt %) <0.05 <4 necessary to upgrade
N (wt %) <0.4 <1 chemically for the removal
Ash (wt %) <0.2 0.1 of oxygen.
H/C 0.9–1.5 1.5–2.0
O/C 0.3–0.5 ≈0
Hydrodeoxygenation

HDO reaction is hydrogenolysis process by eliminating oxygen in the bio-oil

Effect Factor

Component of bio oil Temperature Catalyst H2 Pressure

Catalyst

Same phase Hard to

Homogen
with reactan separate
Catalyst
Different phase Easy to
Heterogen
with reactan separate

Pd
46
Ru
44

Transition Metal with electron Transition Metal with electron

configuration : configuration :

[Kr] 4d6 5s2. [Kr] 4d8 5s2.

 Activated Carbon

From high heating of organic material (700-900 OC).

Have cappability adsorption .
High surface area 300-1000 m2/g .
Stability of termal
Used as support catalyst.

Impregnati
on
METHODS
Time and Place

The study will be carry out for 3 months starting from November
2015 to February 2016 at the Thermochemistry and Catalyst
Laboratory Puspiptek LIPI Serpong.

Materials

 Glass Equipments  Ru(NO)(NO3)x(OH)y p.a

 Thermometer  Pd(NO)3. xH2O p.a
 Balance Analytical  Activated Carbon(Merck)
 Hot plate and magnetik stirrer  Aquadest
 Oven  Grain palm kernel shells PT. PN IV Medan
 Furnace  Gas N2 and H2
 GC-MS, XRD, SAA, SEM and Elemental Analyzer.
 Synthesis Catalyst Ru/C and Pd/C (1,3,5) %
Flow Chart
Impregnation Wet

Reduction of catalyst

Characterization
SAA, SEM, XRD

Catalyst (based on characterization)

Bio-oil of Pyrolysis
HDO Bio-oil

Analysis Product Bio-oil Characterization of catalyst after

(GCMS and Elemental Analyzer) process (SEM/XRD)

Result Analysis

Conclusion
 Preparation Ru/C and Pd/C Catalyst by Wet
Impregnation.

1. Activated carbon 10 2. Metal precursor amount

gram in a solvent 100 mL on carrier (1, 3 or 5 %-wt.)

Impregnation metal into the activated carbon

jh
dj
Gas H2 s
100 °C

60 °C

Solvent was evaporated Catalyst was dried at Catalysts was treated at

at 60 °C for 8 h 100 °C for 24 hours. 250 °C for 2 h in a H2 gas.
Pyrolisis Biomass Palm Kernel
shells

40 gram
palm kernel
shells Condensor
Reactor

Gas N2

T : 550 OC
t : 35 Minutes
Hydrodeoxygenation
Bio-oil

0.3 gram catalyst

Pressure Control
+ 10 gram bio-oil

Gas H2 : 10 bar
Gas Out

Product

T : 300 OC
Temperature Control
t : 3 hours
 Characterization and Analysis

Characterization Catalyst

Surface Area Analyzer (SAA) Micromeritics Tristar II

• Used cooler container filled with N2 liquid gas and fluid of N2
gas 200 kPa and H2 gas 20 Psi.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

• Size chamber is 80x100x35 mm and diameter is 200 mm .
Vacum termal condition -30 until 50 ºC. Resolution picture 7x
until 1.000.000x.

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Philips Expert Pro

• Size mold alumunium is 20x10 mm and thick is 1mm.
Diffraction patterns 2θ is 2–10 degree. Condition operation 40
kV and 30 mA used CuKα radiation.
Characterization and Analysis

Analysis Product

Gas Chromatography- Mass spectroscopy (GCMS) Agilent

• Used coulomn DB-5 with condition temperature 300 oC and
high rate 3 ooC/minutes. Helium as carrier gas with flow rate 0.6
µL/minutes. Temperature constant of injector is 300 oC.

Elemental Analyzer.
• Temperature burner 100–950 oC. Carrier gas is helium and
Burner gas is oksigen.
THANKS
YOU