SUBMITTED BY :-

• ABDUL REHMAN

• ANJU

• ANKIT

• ANKUSH
Abdomin
al • AYUSH
infection • EKTA
s
• FARHAT

• GARIMA

• GAURAV
BASIC DEFINITIONS

 Disease – A pathologic condition of body parts or tissues characterized by an identifiable group

of signs and symptoms.

 Infectious disease – Disease caused by an infectious agent such as a bacterium, virus,

protozoan, or fungus that can be passed on to others.

 Infection – occurs when an infectious agent enters the body and begins to reproduce; may or
may not lead to disease.

 Pathogen – an infectious agent that causes disease.

 Host – an organism infected by another organism.

Classification of STD’s….
 Common STD’s….

• Chlamydia • Urethritis
• Gonorrhea • Epididymitis
• Genital Herpes (HSV-2) • Proctitis
• Hepatitis B • Pubic lice
• HIV& AIDS • Scabies
• Syphilis • Neoplasias
• Trichomoniasis • Vulvovaginitis
 CHLAMYDIA….
• Chlamydia is bacterial infection in the genital tract…
SIGNS and SYMPTOMS…
• Painful urination
• Lower abdominal pain
• Vaginal discharge in women
• Testicular pain in men

TREATMENT…Azithromycin/Ceftriaxone or Doxycycline
 GONORRHEA….
• Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection in the genital tract.
SIGNS and SYMPTOMS…
• Pain and burning sensation during urination
• Thick, cloudy and white discharge from the penis or
vagina.
• Painful bowel movement.
• Painful swollen testicles.
TREATMENT…Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone +
Doxycycline
GONORRHEA…
 Drugs used as UTI antiseptics...
Some of the drugs are….

• Nitofurantoin 50 mg 8 hourly or 100 mg 12 hourly 5-7 days.

• Methenamine 0.5g, 1g tab: 1g TDS or QID with fluid restriction(daily urine vol between 1-1.5L) to
ensure adequate conc of formaldehyde in urine.

• Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid (500+125mg) 8 hourly.

• Norfloxacin 400mg 12 hourly
• Ciprofloxacin 250-500 mg 12 hourly
• Ofloxacin 200-400mg 12 hourly.
 NITROFURANTOIN…
Mechanism of action…
• Sensitive bacteria reduce the drug to an active agent that
inhibits various enzymes damage bacterial DNA.
• Antibacterial concentration is not attained in blood or
tissues.
• Not to be used in the Probenecid, azotemic patients:
interferes with tubular secrection of drug.
 NITROFURANTOIN…
Adverse effect….
• Gastrointestinal intolerance:- Nausea, epigastric pain,
diarrhoea.
• Hypersensitivity:- fever, chills
• Hematologic disorders:-leukopenia, granulocytopenia,
haemolytic, anemiain G6PD deficient patient.
• Liver damage, pulmonary reaction with fibrosis on chronic
use

CONTRAINDICATION:- Renal impairment, pregnancy and

neonates.
 NITROFURANTOIN
USES…..
…
• Treatment for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection
• Supportive long term therapy
• Long term porphylaxis
• Following catheterization, instrumentation, in women with
recurrent cystitis.
RESPIRATORY TRACT
INFECTIONS
 RESPIRATORY TRACT
INFECTIONS
•Respiratory tract infections refers to any of a number of
infectious disease involving the respiratory tract .

It is classified in to 2 types they are:

•UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IINFECTIONS
• LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION(LRTI )

• Inflammation of the air passages within the lungs.

• Trachea(windpipe),and the large & small bronchi(airways)within the lungs
become inflamed because of the infection.

The infections of LRTI includes:

 BRONCHITIS
 BRONCHEOLITIS
 PNEUMONIA
 BRONCHITIS…

• Inflammatory disease of the bronchi.

• Peak age of onset : 6 months
• Occurs mostly in winter/spring
 There are two types of bronchitis:

Acute bronchitis
• Acute (i.e. recent onset) bronchitis is an inflammation of the lower
respiratory passages (bronchi).

Chronic bronchitis
• Chronic bronchitis is defined as a cough that occurs every day with
sputum production that lasts for at least 3 months, two years in a row.
 Viral infection CAUSES…
CAUSES….
 Bacteria
 Chemical irritants ( tobacco smoke, gastric reflux solvents)
..
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Cough persisting >5 days to wks

 Production of clear, white, yellow, grey, or green mucus (sputum)

 Wheezing

 Fatigue

 Chest pain or discomfort

 Blocked or runny nose

 Coryza, sore throat, malaise, headache

 Dyspnea, cyanosis, or signs of airway obstruction rarely

 Fever rarely >39°C

 TREATMENT….

• ACUTE BRONCHITIS….
•Aspirin or acetaminophen
•Ibuprofen
•In combination with antihistamines, sympathomimetics, and
•antitussives
•Hypnotics / sedatives in mild dose
•Routine antibiotic use is discouraged
•In elderly & immunocompramised patients, fluoroquinolones , azithromycin, amantadine or rimantadine
(for influenza A), neuraminidase inhibitors e.g., zanamivir and oseltamivir(for both influenza A & B)
C
H
R
O
N
I
C

B
R
O
N
C
H
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T
I
S
 BRONCHIOLITIS….

 Inflammatory disease of the bronchioles

 Peak age of onset : 6 months
 Male : female :- 2:1
 Occurs mostly in winter
Cause:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),
Parainfluenza viruses type 3, type 1 and
type2.
Bacteria serve as secondary pathogens in a
minority of cases.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS…

• Prodrome with irritability, restlessness, and mild fever

• Cough and coryza

•Vomiting,diarrhea, noisy breathing,
and increased respiratory rate as symptoms progress
•Labored breathing with retractions of the chest wall, nasal flaring,
and grunting
 TREATMENT…

Mainly supportive

Oxygen inhalation

 If tachypneic, limit the oral feeds and use a nasogastric tube for feeding

Parenteral fluids to limit dehydration

Correct respiratory acidosis and electrolyte imbalance

Bronchodilators for wheeze (nebulized adrenaline)

Mechanical ventilation (severe resp distress or apnoea)

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION…..
Upper respiratory tract infections (URI or URTI) are the illnesses caused by an
acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract; i.e. nose, sinuses,
pharynx or larynx.
It include otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis(croup), tonsillitis,
rhinitis(Common cold), Diphtheria and epiglottitis.
 INFECTIONS OF URTI……
• Sinusitis
• Otitis media
• Pharyngitis
• Rhinitis
• Acute Epiglotis
• Tonsillitis
• Diphtheria
 SINUSITIS……
•Community acquired
bacterial sinusitis
•S.pneumoniae
•H. influenzae
•S. Pyogenes
•Nosocomial sinusitis
•Seen critically ill,
mechanically ventilated
•S. aureus
•Pseudomonas
aeruginosa Serratia
marcescens
 Acute:
Adults
•Nasal discharge/congestion
•Maxillary tooth pain, facial or sinus pain that may radiate (unilateral
in particular) as well as deterioration after initial improvement
•Severe or persistent (beyond 7 days) signs and symptoms are most likely
SIGNS bacterial and should be treated with antimicrobials
AND Children
SYMPTOM •Nasal discharge and cough for greater than 10 to 14 days or severe signs
S •and symptoms such as temperature above 39°C (102.2°F) or facial swelling or
pain are indications for antimicrobial therapy
Chronic:
•Symptoms are similar to acute sinusitis but more nonspecific
•Rhinorrhea is associated with acute exacerbations
•Chronic unproductive cough, laryngitis, and headache may occur
•Chronic/recurrent infections occur three to four times a year and are
unresponsive to steam and decongestants
TREATMENT
S
ABDOMINAL
INFECTIONS
INTRA ABDOMINAL
INFECTION
APPENDECIT
IS
 APPENDICITIS
 Highest incidence 10-19y/o
 Male > female
 Pathophysiology:
•o Relationship to onset of signs
 0-24h after signs onset: obstruction within appendix , inflammation &
occlusion of vascular & lymphatic flow, bacterial overgrowth then necrosis.
 >48h after signs onset: perforation, abscess/peritonitis
  Early sign:
 dull, non-localized pain
 Indigestion
 bowel irregularity
 flatulence

 Later signs:
CLINICAL PICTURE….  pain/tenderness more localized
 N/V
 Fever > 39 degrees celcius
 leukocytes >15000
 perforation likely
T  Treatment :Both surgical & Antibiotics
 Acute, non-perforated appendicitis
R  cefazolin + metronidazole
E  Perforated appendicitis
A o Anti-anaerobic cephalosporin (e.g. Cefotetan,
T Cefoxitin, Piperacillin/tazobactam,
Ampicillin/sulbactam, Imipenem
M o Combination therapy: Aminoglycoside +/-
E Clindamycin or Metronidazole
N  Antibiotics are started before surgery, continued
for 7- 10 days.
T