Structural Engineering

SciTech 11
 What is a structure?
• ______________ – something that is
___________________
• Joining parts to meet a certain _______
or perform a _______________
 Types of Structures
• Natural Structures
 Types of Structures
• Human Structures

http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2007/11/17/1194767025118.html
 Design
• Design depends on ______
• -dam must be ___________
• -tower to transmit tv and phone signals
must be __________
• -houses built for ___________ and
_____________
• -factories and offices for ______________
 Who Designs Structures?
• Civil Engineers – ______________________
_____________________________________
• -most work on roads, water systems, sewers,
and public structures
• Structural Engineers – civil engineers that
focus on _____________________
• Architect – ______________________ and
oversees construction
 Who Designs Structures?
• Questions they might ask:
• -how many __________ or ____________
on bridge per day
• -how might skyscraper be affected by
____________________
• -how to protect a structure in
____________________
 Forces on Structures
• Force – __________________________
______________ to an object
• External force – come from __________,
act _____________ the structure
• Internal force – force that ____________
_____________, act _________ structure
 Types of Forces
• 4 types: compression, tension, torsion,
shear
• 1. _____________ – shortens or crushes
• 2. __________ – stretches or pulls apart
• 3. ____________ – twists
• 4. ___________ – pushes parts in
opposite directions
• 2.3 Internal Forces Within Structures
• Compression, Tension, and Shear
• Compression forces crush a material by squeezing it
together. Compressive strength measures the largest
compression force the material can withstand before it
loses its shape or fails.
• Tension forces stretch a material by pulling its ends
apart Tensile strength measures the largest tension
force the material can withstand before failing.
• Shear forces bend or tear a material by pressing
different parts in opposite directions at the same time.
Shear strength measures the largest shear force the
material can withstand before it rips apart.
• Torsion forces twist a material by turning the ends in
opposite directions. Torsion strength measures the
largest torsion force the material can withstand and still
spring back into its original shape.
 Types of Forces
• Load – _________________ acting on an
object, eg: ___________, pressure from
wind/water
• Static Load – _____________________,
eg: bricks in a building, twigs in nest
• Dynamic Load – __________________,
eg: car crossing bridge, oil in pipeline
 Structural Materials
• Wood
• -one of the ______________ used for structures
• -still the ________________ materials for
_________ production
• -comes in many varieties
• -for construction, strong wood used = ________
__________
• -________ of wood helps determine _________
(size, shape, direction of fibres)
 Structural Materials
• Disadvantages of wood:
• -_______________________ with
changes in ________________
• -damaged by _______________________
• -breaks down if not maintained
 Engineered Wood
• -_______________ wood strands, fibres,
veneers with _____________
• -can __________________________
• -formed into panels, laminated beams, I-joists
• -structural panels (___________) most common
• -made by gluing together ____________
• -odd number of layers, _________________
• -less likely to ________________________
(_______________________)
 Structural Materials
• ________
• -laminated, used for ________
construction in homes
• -light, available up to 60 ft, don’t ______ or
_________
• -eliminate ________________ because
don’t shrink
 Structural Materials
• _____________________
• -glue together ______________ of wood
• -consistently ____________, can be made
very long
 Steel
• Steel is an ________ (metal made of
_____________________)
• made from ________ and _________
• may have _____________ and ________ to
_____________
• made into _________________ (I-beams,
pipes, wires) and joined many ways (rivet,
bolt, weld)
• used as _______ or ________ to strengthen
_____________
 Concrete
• made by mixing ____________________
________________________
• hardens into strong material
• examples?
• very _________ in _______________
• poured into forms to make almost ______
______________
 Concrete
• _______________
• -may be reinforced with steel bars to make
____________________
• _____________ concrete contains ______
that are under __________ all the time
• produce beams, floors or bridges with a
_____________ than reinforced concrete
• wires produce a ___________________ that
offsets ___________ stresses
 Structural Members
• Structural Members:
• -building materials joined to make a
__________________
• Common shapes include:
•
 Bridges
• Before a bridge is built:
• -_______ samples
• -_______ speed and direction
• -_________ levels and speed of water
• -models tested in lab or on computer
• -community hearings
• -planning takes several _________ and
_____________ of dollars!
Bridge Types
 Skyscrapers
• History:
• -___________________ in ancient Egypt,
which was 146 metres (480 ft) tall and was
built in the 26th century BC
• -Ancient __________ housing structures
reached 10 stories
• -Medieval times: many towers built for
______________
• -_______________________ built in 1178
 Skyscrapers
• -first “skyscraper” was Home Insurance
Building in _____________, 1885
• -____ stories
• -load-bearing ____________ instead of
load-bearing walls
• -practical with the invention of the
______________ (no more stairs!)
 Skyscrapers
• -Current record = ___________ @ ______
__________, 1,670 ft tall
• -has huge ______________ near top to
counteract ______________

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101
 Skyscrapers
• -high quality ________________ bear
immense weight
• -beams _________, _________, or
_________ together
• -most weight is transferred to _________
_____________, the spreads out at base
and substructure
• -_______________ is a major concern
 Wind Resistance
• -many tall buildings __________________
in strong wind
• -structure is _____________ constructed
to _______ movement
• -_____________ monitor sway and move
huge _________________ to compensate

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5j20NSFNcg
 Earthquake Resistance
• -ban construction along ______________
• -many buildings built on layers of _______
___________ or a ____________ surface
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y-62Ti5_6s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzVvd4Dk6sw
http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/NaturalHazardsAndDisasters/Earthquakes/4/ENZ-Resources/Standard/4/en