TOOL GEOMETRY

MACHINING WOOD
 A Stress Failure Process With Three
Objectives.
1. Severing – To make two or more pieces
from one

2. Shaping – To impart a shape or contour on a

piece of wood

3. Surfacing – Sanding, jointing or planing an

edge or surface
MACHINING WOOD

 The tools

HO O K O R
R A K E A NGLE

C U T T ING
A NGLE

S H A R PNE S S
A NGL E

C L E A R A NC E
9 0° A NGL E

D IR E C T IO N O F C U T
MACHINING WOOD

 The tools

HO O K O R
R A K E A NGLE

C U T T ING
A NGLE

S H A R PNE S S
A NGL E

C L E A R A NC E
9 0° A NGL E

D IR E C T IO N O F C U T
MACHINING WOOD
MACHINING WOOD
CIRCULAR SAW BLADE
GEOMETRY
CIRCULAR SAW BLADE
GEOMETRY
C L EA R A NC E A NGLE

C UT TING A NGL E
HO O K O R
R A K E A NGL E

S HA R P NES S A NGL E
MACHINING WOOD
IDEAL CUTTING ACTION
MACHINING WOOD
HERE IS WHAT HAPPENS
Wood fails when ultimate
stress is reached.

Stress is accompanied by
strain. The work piece
deforms ahead of the cut
and both work piece and
chip spring back.

R E A L IT Y
TYPES OF CUTTING ACTION
 ORTHOGONAL CUTTING

 PERIPHERAL MILLING
TYPES OF CUTTING ACTION
1. ORTHOGONAL CUTTING
 The tool edge is more or less perpendicular to
its direction of travel
 The cut is parallel to the edge or surface of the
board

Examples:
Pushing a hand plane across the surface of a work
piece

Using a cabinet scraper

TYPES OF CUTTING ACTION
2. Peripheral Milling – A rotary cutter head with one or more
cutting edges intermittently coming in contact with the work
piece

 Jointer

 Router

 Planer
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
90° TO 0° - Planing along
the grain
90° - Relationship of the cutting
edge to grain

0° - Relationship of the direction

of cut to the direction of grain
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
 90° to 90° Cutting
(Planing End Grain)

 Requirements for a good

cut
 Low cutting angle
 Sharp edge
 High clearance angle
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
 A closer look at 90
to 90 cutting
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
 The Effects of
Skewing
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
 O° TO 90° CUTTING

VENEER SLICING
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
 Type I Chip RAKE
 Large rake angle

 Small chip

 Grain failure occurs out

in front of the knife

 Cutting angle ~ 45°

sharpness  30°
clearance  15°
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
 Type II Chip
RAKE
 Smaller rake angle

 Compression rather than

upward lifting

 Failure occurs right at

the cutting edge
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
 Type III Chip
 0° to small rake angle RAKE

 Uses compression to
produce failure

 Snow plow effect

Not an acceptable
chip type
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
CUTTING QUALITY
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
When you can’t cut with the
grain the chip breaker
can help
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
TYPES OF ORTHOGONAL
CUTS
PERIPHERAL CUTTING
 Revolving cutterhead operating along an
edge or face of a board
 Creates knife marks which should number
between 12 and 25 per inch
PERIPHERAL CUTTING
PERIPHERAL CUTTING
 Jointer

 Planer

 Router

 Refer to pages 166, 167 & 168 for

peripheral cutting problems.
MACHINING WOOD
MACHINING WOOD

 The tools

HO O K O R
R A K E A NGLE

C U T T ING
A NGLE

S H A R PNE S S
A NGL E

C L E A R A NC E
9 0° A NGL E

D IR E C T IO N O F C U T
MACHINING WOOD
 www.technologystudent.com/equip1/planes1.htm
www.fine-tools.com/rauh.htm
 MACHINING WOOD

H A ND L E

T A NG

S H O C K WA S H E R

B O LS T E R

BA C K NE C K

S H O UL D E R

F A CE L A ND

B E VE LE D
E D GE

B E VE L
MACHINING WOOD
 Bench Chisels
MACHINING WOOD
 Paring Chisel
MACHINING WOOD
 Cranked Paring Chisels
MACHINING WOOD
 Mortising Chisel
MACHINING WOOD
 Mortising Chisels
MACHINING WOOD
SAW BLADES
MACHINING WOOD
C L E A R A NC E
A NGL E

C A R B ID E T O O T H

C U T T ING
A NGL E
S H O UL D E R

H O O K A NG L E
S H A R PNE S S
A NGL E

GU L L E T

E X PA NS IO N S L O T
MACHINING WOOD
K E RF
C A R B ID E T E E T H
T O P B E VE L

PLA T E

C R O S S S E C T IO N
MACHINING WOOD

 Types of saw blades

 Plywood or cross cut blade

 60 to 80 teeth

 large top bevel

 small gullets

 Rip blade

 20 to 60 teeth

 no top bevel

 larger gullets
MACHINING WOOD

 Combination blade
 40 teeth
 Square tooth followed by beveled teeth
 Large gullets

 Laminate blade or “triple chip” blade

 80 teeth typical
 Small gullets .5 mm
MACHINING WOOD

 Dado blades
MACHINING WOOD

 Cutter Heads
MACHINING WOOD

 Plywood Blade
MACHINING WOOD

 Forrest Blades

Plywood/Laminate
MACHINING WOOD

 Combination Blade
MACHINING WOOD

 Rip Blade
 MACHINING WOOD
 Triple Chip