Magnetic properties of

Materials

Ref:
chap 13, Properties of Material (Mary Anne White)
 Magnetic behavior
• For the space
– B = 0 H (0 : permeability ( 導磁率 )of vacuum)

• For a material:
– B =  H = 0(H+M) = 0(H+H) = 0(1+ )H
where  =M/H (magnetic susceptibility ( 磁化率 ))
(M :magnetization ( 磁化量 ) of the materials)
 r =  /0 (relative permeability)

• value of  ( 磁化率 ) : 整理 :
– Diamagnet : ~ - 10-5 B=H
– Paramagnet: 10-2~10-5 M=H
= 0(1+ )
– Ferromaget: 10-2~106
真空下 : 導磁率  =0, 磁化率
Magnetic flux density contours

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Superconductor

Flux density Flux density

Meirrner ( 麥斯納 )effect
decrease increase
 Origins of magnetic moment

– Origins of magnetism
• Orbital magnetism
• Spin magnetism

– Bohr magneton B
• The most fundamental magnetic moment is the Bohr
magneton B, which is of magnitude 9.2710-24 A-m2
• For each electron in an atom, the spin magnetic moment is
 B (plus for spin up, minus for spin down).
 Origins of diamagnetism,
paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism
• Diamagnetism
– All the spin are paired, so that atoms have no resultant magnetic moment
– An applied magnetic field has little effect except induction associated with
the motion of electrons (current flows in a direction to produce a magnetic
field that opposites the inducing field)
– All materials have the diamagnetic effect

• Paramagnetism
– If there are unpaired elecron, the total electronic spin must be nonzero and
paramagnetism results.

• Ferromagnetism
– The region of this strong, attractive force is cooperative interaction
between the magnetic moments of individual atoms arranges on a lattice.
 Why only Fe, Co, Ni show ferromagnetic
properties among transition metals?
3d 能量窄 , 但 DOS 高 , 4s-4p 能量寬 , 但
DOS 低
Ti Ni Cu

Fermi level 附近
density of state 高

For metals with nearly full, narrow 3d bands (eg. Fe, Co, Ni), the density of states near the fermi
level is particularly high, and the cost of promoting electrons to higher levels is so small that it is
very favorable energetically to have large numbers of unpaired electrons.
Induction (B) as a function of
magnetic field strength (H)
 Comparison of typical hysteresis loops for
a hard and a soft ferromagnet

Hard magnets: domain wall are hard to move （ eg. 永久磁鐵 )

Soft magnets: domain wall are easy to move (eg. 馬達磁芯 )
Domains in a ferromagnetic
material
軟磁和硬磁的分類 :

1. 硬磁之 |Hc|(coercive field) > 1000A/m

2. 硬磁 |BH|max ( 去磁化所需能量 ) 較大
 Temperature dependence of
magnetization
• For a normal paramagnetic materials
  = C/T (Curie law)

• For a ferromagnet
–  = C / (T-TC) , T > TC
: magnetic susceptibility
where TC  Curie Temperature
– Fe, Co, Ni, Gd, CrO2, EuO
defined as  = M / H

• For an antiferromagnet
  = C / (T+TN) , T > TN
where TN  Neel Temperature
– NiO, CoO, FeO, MnO, NiF2
 Temperature dependence of
magnetic susceptibility

ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic Paramagnetic

Paramagnetic
Anti-
ferromagnetic

 = C/T  = C/(T-Tc), T > TC  = C/(T+TN), T > TN

Tc: TN :
Fe, Co, Ni : FeO, CoO, NiO :
1043 ,1400, 631 K 198, 292, 530 K
Variation of -1 as a function of temperature
<0
=0
>0

 = C/(T- )
: Weiss constant
Example of antiferromagnetism:
NiO
 Ferrimagnetic structure

General formula: Fe2O3· MO (M: Zn, Cd, Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Mg)
補充

Superparamagnetism ( 超順
磁)
– A superparamagnetic material is composed of small
ferromagnetic clusters (e.g. crystallites), but where
the clusters are so small that they can randomly flip
direction under thermal fluctuations.

– As a result, the material as a whole is not magnetized

except in an externally applied magnetic field (in that
respect, it is like paramagnetism).
Superparamagnetism– a size effect

• Characteristic ( 特徵 )
– high saturation magnetisation MS
– no remanence MR = 0
 Superparamagnetism– a size effect

Magnetic Properties of Nanostructured Materials

Magnetic multi-granule nanoclusters: A
model system that exhibits universal size
effect of magnetic coercivity

As a particle size decreases,

the domain wall disappears,
resulting in an increase
in Hc until the particle size
reaches DS. When the
particle size is further
decreased, thermal
agitation energy overcomes
magnetic anisotropy energy
and, as a result, the particle
enters the