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Pressure
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Contents
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure in liquids
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What is pressure?
Pressure is exerted whenever a force is applied over an area.
1. 2.
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High and low pressure
1. 2.
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Calculating pressure
Pressure is the force per unit area
and is calculated using this formula:
force
F
pressure =
area P x A
Pressure is measured in:
Newtons per square metre (N/m2), which are also called
pascals (Pa).
Pressure can also be measured in:
Newtons per square millimetre (N/mm2);
Newtons per square centimetre (N/cm2).
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Which type of pressure?
The same force spread over a larger area means a lower
pressure.
Which type of shoes would be best for walking over a muddy
field – flat soles or heels?
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Which type of pressure?
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Using low pressure
A force spread over a large area means low pressure,
e.g. skis and snowboards.
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Using high pressure
A force concentrated on a small area means high pressure,
e.g. high heeled shoes, needles, ice skates, sharp knives.
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Contents
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure in liquids
Summary activities
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Pressure in a liquid
Pressure in a liquid:
acts in all directions;
increases with depth.
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Pressure in a liquid
The relationship between pressure and depth is shown
by a water bottle with holes along its length.
low pressure
high pressure
Force Force
applied transferred
here here
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Hydraulic brake
All hydraulic brake systems (e.g. in a car) use a small
master piston and a bigger slave piston.
hydraulic fluid
master piston
The master piston is used to apply a force. This puts the
liquid under pressure. The pressure is transmitted to the
pistons on all four wheels of the car.
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Hydraulic brake – pressure equations
The pressure exerted by the master piston on the
hydraulic fluid can be calculated using this equation:
force applied
pressure =
area of master piston
The pressure is transmitted to the slave pistons and so the
force exerted by the slave piston can be calculated using:
force exerted
pressure =
area of slave piston
force exerted = pressure x area of slave piston
The slave piston has a larger area than the master piston.
So, the force exerted by the slave pistons on the brakes is
greater than the force exerted by the driver on the brake pedal.
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Hydraulic brake – calculations
The master piston of a car has an area of 5cm2.
Calculations:
1. At the master piston, P = F = 10 N = 2 N/cm2
A 5cm2
2. At the slave piston, F = P x A = 2 N/cm2 x 50cm2 = 100 N
So, the force exerted on the brake disc is ten times greater
than the original force applied to the master piston.
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Hydraulics activity
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