Chapter – 2(2.

5)

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT & CONTROL

CP 01 03 18
(TOTAL SHEETS – 14 EXCLUDING THIS)
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TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT & CONTROL
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Heat
Form of energy that is transferred across a boundary
by virtue of difference in temperature or
simply we can say that heat is the energy in transit.

Temperature
the property that determines whether or not the system
is in thermal equilibrium with the neighbouring system.
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Temperature measuring instruments

Two types

Direct measuring instruments

-Thermometers
-Thermo couples

Indirect measuring instruments

-Pyrometers
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Thermometers

Types of thermometers

-Liquid Thermometer

-Gas Thermometer

-Resistance Thermometer

-Vapour Pressure Thermometer

-Magnetic Thermometer
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Liquid Thermometer
- Liquid thermometer is based on the principle that the volume of a liquid
changes with variation in temperature

-Mercury and Alcohol thermometers are examples

-Mercury thermometer (general) ranges from –390C to +3570C

-Mercury boils at 3700C

-Alcohol thermometer is used to measure temperature near ice point.

-Low specific heat, good conductivity and uniform coefficient of expansion

makes mercury to use as liquid in glass.
-Use for rough and quick work
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Gas Thermometer
-Based on the principle that the pressure or volume of a gas
changes with variation in temperature
-Got large coefficient of expansion, uniform and regular expansion
over a wide range of temperature, low thermal capacity.
-Suitable for low and high temperature.
-Calendar's constant pressure air thermometer,
Jolly’s constant volume air thermometer are some of the examples.

Magnetic Thermometer
-Based on the principle that the magnetic susceptibility
of a substance varies with temperature

-Used to measure very low temperature up to –2730C

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Vapour Pressure Thermometer.
-Based on the principle that vapour pressure changes with temperature.

-for a given temperature, a fixed pressure can be assigned.

-used for low temperature measurements.

-drawback of this instrument is that their useful temperature

range is very narrow.

Resistance Thermometer

-based on the principle that electrical resistance changes with temperature.

-platinum resistance thermometer is capable to measure temperature

between –2000C and +12000C with high degree of accuracy.
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Thermo Couple
-Based on the thermo – electric effect.

-If two dissimilar metals are joined together at both the ends,
these junctions maintain different temperature by heating one
junction and keeping the other cold, an electromotive force is
induced in the circuit.

-The cold junction is maintained at room temperature and

the hot is made to touch the object whose temperature to be measured.

-The electromotive force induced , will be proportional to the

difference in temperature between the two junction.
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Indirect Measuring Instruments
-based on the principle that every object radiates energy to the surroundings.

-Intensity of radiation dependent on the temperature of the object.

-higher the temperature of the object, the more is the intensity of radiation

-these radiations are of mixed wavelength.

-a black body is utilized in order to standardize .

-a black body is one that is capable of absorbing all the

electromagnetic radiation irrespective of their wave length
falling on it, at any temperature. It emits radiation due to its
own temperature only.

-the emissivity of a black body is maximum and is considered equal to unity.

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Optical Pyrometer

-an instrument in which the intensity of the light emanating from a body
is compared with the intensity of the light from some standard source.

-most commonly used pyrometer is the disappearing filament type.

-the intensity of the radiation from standard source is verified and matched
with the intensity of the radiation from the source whose temperature has
to be measured.

-the intensity of the radiation is judged from the brightness from the object
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Eye-piece
Red glass Objective lens
Filament

Hot
object

Battery

Rheostat

Schematic diagram illustrating the principle of working of optical pyrometer

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Operation of Optical Pyrometer

-View through eye-piece.

-A red glass is kept between eye-piece and filament.

-Initially, filament appears dark with respect to the object since it is cold.

-Red glass to help to select monochromatic radiation from the hot object
-Increase the current passing through the filament and it starts glowing.

-At a particular value, the two glow become equal.

-At this stage due to perfect matching, filament will not be visible and
both the hot body and the filament will be the same temperature.

-The radiation from the filament at different temperatures are calibrated

with respect to some standards.
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Radiation Pyrometer

-Calibrated under a set of conditions approaching to those of black body radiation.

-All the heat and light radiations are considered for the measurement of temperature.
-Based on Stefan-Bolt Mann Law which states that the rate of emission
of radiant energy from the surface of the body is proportional to the
fourth power of its temperature in absolute scale.

-With the help of mirror/lens, all the radiated energy is focused at a point
on a coated sheet within the pyrometer which acts as a black body.
-This point serves as a hot junction of a thermocouple and is contact with
a very sensitive thermocouple.
-The induced EMF is measured by a potentiometer.
-The EMF is calibrated in terms of temperature.
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Millivoltmeter

Point acting as hot junction

Eye piece

Coated sheet
Mirror for focusing radiations

Optical ray diagram of radiation pyrometer.

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Importance of Temperature Control

-To meet the varying requirements of different heat treatment process.

-To get only the desired type of atmosphere

-To achieve chemically active atmosphere to effect some changes

in the chemical composition of the surface.

-To get protective atmosphere so that undesirable changes

do not take place.