RADIATION Naveena Senthil Kumar

PYROMETER 110120077
CONTENT
1) Radiation temperature measurement
2) Laws related to radiations
3) Pyrometer
4) Radiation Detectors
5) Types of Radiation Pyrometer
6) Advantages and Disadvantages
7) Applications
RADIATION TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
Measurement of Temp. using RADIATION.

WHY?

Relatively
Can Measure High No Direct Contact Body May Be Moving
Independent of
Temp. Needed Or Stationary
Distance
RADIATION TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
The international scale is defined above 1945 F(1063 C).
Primarily used for temp. above 2000 F ( same as platinum thermocouple).
Thermal Radiation is measured help of a device called pyrometer and the process
is called pyrometry.
Thermal Radiations are electromagnetic radiations lying in the wavelength
region from about 0.1 to 100 micrometre.
PLANCK’S LAW
WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW
The black-body radiation curve for different temperatures
will peak at different wavelengths that are inversely
proportional to the temperature.

 b is a constant of proportionality called Wien’s

displacement constant, equal to 2.89×10−3 m⋅K,
STEFAN - BOLTZMANN LAW
Total intensity emitted by a black body across all wavelengths per unit time is
directly proportional to the fourth power of temperature T.
PYROMETER
Hot Body (Source Of
Radiation)

Focussing
Element(Lens/Mirror)

Temperature Detector

Measuring Instrument
PYROMETER WITH LENS AS
FE
PYROMETER WITH MIRROR
AS FE
 RADIATION DETECTORS

The detector are those elements which :

 receive the radiant energy
Radiatio
 focused on it by the optical system and n
 generates an electric output signal in response to it. Detector

Thermal Photon
Detector Detector
RADIATION DETECTORS
THERMAL DETECTORS
•These thermal detectors are blackened elements which are basically designed
to absorb maximum of incoming radiation at all wavelengths.
•Thermal detectors generate an output because they are heated by the energy
they absorb. The absorbed radiation causes the temperature of the detector to
rise until equilibrium is reached with heat losses to surroundings.
•Various thermal detectors include RTDs, thermistors, thermocouples,
thermopiles(serially connected thermocouples.)
PHOTON DETECTORS
They are also called quantum detectors (they occur in atomic scale) and
they relay on the interaction of individual photons with a crystalline lattice of
semiconductor materials.
The incoming radiation (photons) frees electrons in the  detector and
produces a measurable electrical effect.
Their sensitivity varies with wavelengths and is usually in microseconds.
Their response speed is high.
TYPES OF RADIATION
PYROMETER
Total radiation
pyrometer
Selective radiation
Pyrometer

pyrometer
Radiation

Optical pyrometer

Chopped radiation
pyrometer

Ratio pyrometer
 TOTAL RADIATION
PYROMETER
•The spectrum of radiation ranging from 0.3 - 15μm is generally utilized in
pyrometry. When a pyrometer is designed to measure this whole range of
wavelength, then it is called as total radiation pyrometer or broad-band pyrometer.
•This wavelength mainly consists of visible and infrared radiations.
•It is a simple pyrometer. It has substantially no selectivity for specific wavelengths.
TOTAL RADIATION
PYROMETER
Advantages
1. It is simple to use and no complexity reduces cost.
2. It can be used to measure temperature over a wide range, from 700- 1400°C,
although it can go upto 4000 °C in specially designed cases.

Disadvantages
1. Emissivity of target material affects the measurements.
2. It must have an unobstructed path. Smoke, carbon dioxide or water vapour will
absorb some of the radiant energy and will cause a low reading.
3. The system must be kept clean, with a sighting window to protect from any
corrosive gases that otherwise would come in contact with it.
 SELECTIVE OR NARROW
BAND PYROMETER
Single-band pass (narrow-band) pyrometers operate over a selected, usually
narrow, band of the energy spectrum centered at a desired point.
high-temperature measurement of metals, for instance, the band might be
very narrow at the 0.65-μm point, the rear end of the visible spectrum where
metal emissivity is highest.
Emissivity over a narrow wavelength band will not vary as much as it
would over the total spectrum, but the narrow-band pyrometer will suffer
somewhat from a lack of sensitivity.
 OPTICAL PYROMETER
• It works on a simple
principle – when the
brightness of source
(proportional to temp.) Eyepiece
and brightness from the
lamp (varied by varying
the current) is equal, the
filament disappears and
we get corresponding
temperature reading.
WORKING
• This type of pyrometer is considered the most accurate radiation thermometer for temperatures
over 700°C. This limitation is a result of human-eye sensitivity within a specific wavelength.
• The pyrometer has a lens through which the operator views the target. An image of a tungsten
filament is superimposed on the image of the target. The filament is warmed up by electric
current to glow.
• The operator views the target through the eyepiece and manually adjusts the heating current to
the level when an image of the glowing filament visible in the foreground disappears — that is,
when both the target and the filament have the same brightness and color.
• to remove color component, a narrow-band red filter (Wavelength = 0.65 mm) is inserted in
front of the eyepiece.
• Similarly, we are using absorption filter to ensure that the light does not become to bright to
damage operator’s eyes.
 Advantages
1. Simple assembling of the device enables easy use of it.
2. Provides a very high accuracy with +/-5 degree Celsius, limited only by operator’s vision.
3. Range –> 700 - 4000 °C

Disadvantages
1. As the measurement is based on the light intensity, the device can be used only in
applications with a minimum temperature of 700 degree Celsius.
2. It has to be continuously adjusted by the operator.
3. The device is not useful for obtaining continuous values of temperatures at small intervals.

Applications
1. Used to measure temperatures of liquid metals or highly heated materials.
2. Can be used to measure furnace temperatures.
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES OF
RADIATION PYROMETER

◦ They have a fast speed of response.

◦ They can be used on moving targets.
◦ They can be used at small targets(0.025 inch in diameter).
◦ They can measure the average temperature over wide area.
◦ They measure much higher temperatures the TC’s.
◦ They do not require any physical contact with material whose temperature is being
measure .
◦ They can measure the temperature without interfering the process.
DISADVANTAGES OF
RADIATION PYROMETER
◦ They are more fragile.
◦ Costlier than TC’s resistance temperature detector or thermistor.
◦ They have non-linear scale shape approximately the 4th power of temperature.
◦ Relatively wide temperature span is required.
◦ The power of reflection can be changed if there is dirt on the lens and mirror.
◦ The power of reflection can be changed if the lens or mirror becomes extreme hot.
 APPLICATION OF
RADIATION PYROMETER

◦ 1. Metal production facilities : industries associated with the production and

working of metals, temperatures in excess of are common
◦ 2. Glass industries : Another area where high temperatures must be controlled is in
the production, working, and annealing of glasses.
◦ 3. Semiconductor processes :The extensive use of semiconductor materials in
electronics has resulted in a need for carefully regulated, high-temperature
processes producing pure crystals.