RTD

Temperature Measurement

ICPC20 – Industrial Instrumentation

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

 Fundamental quality
 Widely Measured Variable
 Cannot be measured directly
 Classified into as
1. Non Electrical Methods
2. Electrical Methods
a. Thermo-electric
b. Thermo-resistive
3. Radiation Methods

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RTD

 RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR /

METALLIC RESISTANCE THERMOMETER

 Change in temperature cause change in resistance

 Nominal resistance
1. General Case - 0 Ω
2. Industrial Applications – 100 Ω and 50 Ω
3. Calibration – 10 Ω and 25 Ω

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METALS USED IN RTD

1. Platinum
2. Nickel
3. Copper

Reasons :
a. Purity
b. Reproducibility
c. Standardization

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COPPER

 Relatively inexpensive
 Temperature co-efficient similar to platinum
 Temperature Range : -500 C to +2500C
 Disadvantage of having very low specific resistance
 Should prevent oxiditation
 Mainly used in electrical machines

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NICKEL

 Inexpensive substitude for Platinum

 No oxidization
 Highest temperature resistance co-efficient
 Temperature range : -2000 C to +3500C

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PLATINUM

This metal is stable, forgeable and corrosion resistant and can

be used at temperatures up to 1000 °C in neutral atmospheres.
 High temperature co-efficient of resistance
 Provides extremely reproducible ouputs
 High purity
 Used in establishing International Temperature Scale-1990
 Low sensitivity
 High Cost

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CONSTRUCTIONS

 Wire Wound Detectors

 Thin film RTD

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WIRE WOUND DETECTORS - 1

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WIRE WOUND DETECTORS – 1 (cont.)

 Cylindrical formers of glass, quartz or ceramic

 fine wire winding of about 0 .01-0 .1 mm diameter
Their typical application range is from -200 °C to +500 °C for
Pt-in-glass elements,
up to +600 °C for quartz glass and


up to +1000 °C for ceramic types



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WIRE WOUND DETECTORS

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WIRE WOUND DETECTORS -2 (cont.)

 small diameter,
 helical-shaped,
 resistance windings are placed in the bores of a ceramic tube
 Vibration resistant
Multiple detectors, having two or three independent windings,
are used for simultaneous temperature measurement and
control, as well as in some bridge circuits to increase the
sensitivity

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Permissible Measuring Current

 ∆VMAX = maximum allowable self-heating temperature error °C

 A = dissipiation constant W/°C
 Rv = esistance of the detector at 0 °C Ω

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BRIDGE CIRCUIT

TWO WIRE RTD

THREE WIRE RTD

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4 WIRE LEAD ARRANGEMENT

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THERMISTOR

Temperature Measurement

ICPC20 – Industrial Instrumentation

THERMISTOR

 Non linear
 High Resistance Temperature Co-efficient
 Applications in the temperature range -50 °C to 200 °C
 Made of Ceramic like semi conductor
 Available in different range

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CONSTRUCTIONS

Made from oxides of Copper, Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt,

Lithium and Titanium
 Blend with suitable propotion
 Compressed into different forms
 Recrystalline

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FORMS OF NTC THERMISTORS

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ADVANTAGE OF NTC THERMISTORS OVER
RTD

 Smaller detector dimensions,

 Higher temperature sensitivity,
 Higher detector resistance,
 Lower thermal inertia of the sensor,
 Possibility of measuring smaller temperature differences,
 Low cost and easily adaptability
 Dynamic Temperature measurement

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DISADVANTAGE OF NTC THERMISTORS OVER
RTD

 Non-linear temperature resistance characteristics

 Very low Permissible Measuring Currrent
 Lower measuring temperature range

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BRIDGE CIRCUITS

DEFLECTION AND SERIES TYPE

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