BASICS ELECTRONICS

RESISTANT THERMOMETER

DEVIKA S NAIRY
22ECE031
 WHAT IS RESISTANCE
THERMOMETER ?
 Resistance Thermometer is a device that is used to determine
temperature by the variation in the resistance of a conductor.
 It is commonly known as Resistance Temperature
Detector(RTD) and is an accurate temperature sensor.
 RTD is not used for dynamic temperature measurement.
CHARACTERISTISTICS &
REQUIREMENTS
 Resistive device : linear
 Large range: -200 to + 650 C for Platinum
 High accuracy:+ 0.001C
 Low Senstivity :0.39% per C
 Don’t need reference temperature

REQUIREMENTS :
 High temperature coefficient
 High resistivity to ensure small wire length
 Linearity of relation between resistance and temperature
 Sufficient mechanical strength
 Stability of electrical characteristics
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF RTD

 RTD measures temperature using the principle that the resistance of a metal
changes with temperature.
 The Variation of resistance R with temperature T(k) can be represented by the
following relationship for most of the metal as:
 CONSTRUCTION:

 RTDs have sensing elements made of metal , typically

platinum.
 The construction is typically such that the wire is wound on
a form(in a coil) to achieve small size and improve thermal
conductivity to decrease response time (1 to 7 seconds)
 In many cases,the coil is protected from the environment by
a sheath or protective tube maybe glass or stainless steel or
that inevitably increases response time but may be
necessary in hostile environment.
 RTDs are either a metal film deposited on a
former or a wire-wound resistors.
 The
device are then sealed in glassceramic
composite material.
 Theelectrical resistance of pure metals is
positive,increasing linearly with
temperature.
 An RTD is usually connected into a Wheatstone bridge circuit, as shown .
 This allows for detection of very small changes in the resistance of sensing
element,and the meter(M) used to measure the bridge unbalance voltage can be
calibrated to indicate temperature.
 MATERIALS USED IN RTD :

 Gold & Silver : rarely used because of low resistivity.

 Tungsten :very high resistivity(rarely used)
 Balco : nickel-iron alloy with thermal conductivity similar to
nickel but twice the resistivity(rarely used)
 PLATINUM : more suitable but very expensive,high range,
high precision ,more accurate.
 Nickel and Copper : most used,cheaper than platinum
APPLICATIONS

 In automative industry
 In communication and instrumentation
 In consumer electronics
 In industrial electronics
 In medical electronics
 Industriesand laboratories where high accuracy of
temperature measurements are required
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
• Most stable over time
• Most accurate
• Most repeatable temperature
measurement
• Very resistant to contamination
• Corrosion of the RTD element
DISADVANTAGES
• High cost
• Slowest response time
• Low sensitivity to small temperature change
• Sensitive to vibration
• Decalibration if used beyond sensors temperature
ratings
• Somewhat fragile
REFERENCES
 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS
(3rd edition) DAVID A.BELL
 https://electronicscoach.com/resistance-thermometer.html
 https://www.slideshare.net/avishekhit/temperature-measureme
nt-ppt
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer
 https://youtu.be/kWaD_5Y2c5s
THANK YOU