Course Name: (77784) 

Auto 221: Basic Control Engineering

Course Schedule: Monday and Wednesday (6:01-7:31PM)

Student's Name: BEN ALDRIAN T. IBAÑEZ

Instructor's Name: ENGR. ORBELY D. AGUSTINO

 Guide questions:

1. Secure a drawing or a diagram of the following temperature measuring instruments.

a. Glass Bulb thermometer

b. Gas/Vapor filled Thermometer

c. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

d. Thermally Sensitive Resistor (Thermistor)

2. Below each figure, give your brief discussion on the working principles, limitation
applications of the illustrated instruments.

a. Glass Bulb Thermometer

The earliest types were glass bulb thermometers. Bit of mercury or organic
liquid is encapsulated in a glass bulb with a very small internal diameter at the base
of a graduated glass tube. The tube is completely sealed, of course. If the
temperature increases, the mercury/liquid volume increases and the inside of the
tube has just one place to go. Although the bi metal type is more delicate, they are
typically less costly and survive well in aggressive chemicals.
c. Gas/ Vapor Filled Thermometer

These work on similar principles to the form of glass bulb, except that
the gas expands rather than a liquid in this case. These have a big benefit in
that the bulb can be very distant from the indicator. A capillary tube (usually
armored to secure it) up to 30 feet long connects them. This causes the bulb
to be in some position, while the indicator is fine. Safe from a setting that is
unfriendly.
b. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

An RTD is a passive circuit part whose resistance is predictably higher at

a higher temperature. A small coil of platinum, copper, or nickel wire wound to
a precise resistance value around a ceramic or glass bobbin is constructed
from the traditional RTD part. For industrial use, the winding is usually helix
type. The standard operating ranges of the RTD (Resistance Temperature
Detector) units are between -250 and +1500OF, with typical accuracies higher
than +/- .5OF. Thermistor systems have an incredibly fast response time and
are typically less costly than RTD versions. A down side is their small range of
temperatures from -40 to + 300OF and +/-1 degree range accuracies. The
RTD involves pure metals or certain alloys that increase strength as
temperatures rise and resistance decreases as temperatures decrease. RTDs
act as an electrical transducer that, by measuring resistance, converts
temperature changes to voltage signals. Platinum, copper, or nickel are the
metals ideally suited for RTD applications (some features are linear resistance-
temperature characteristics as shown in the figure below, their high positive
temperature coefficient, and the ability to withstand repeated temperature
cycles).
 d. Thermally Sensitive Resistor (Thermistor)

These devices are among the second class of resistance thermometers that
use semi-conducting material components, all of which have a resistance
characteristic that decreases with increases in temperature. The group includes
carbon resistor units and doped germanium units. The thermistor is a thermometer
for resistance. The correlation between it’s the temperature and resistance are
extremely nonlinear. In comparison, with a favourable change in temperature, the
resistance alters negatively and sharply. A thermistor is similar to an RTD, but the
material of a semiconductor is used instead of being metal. A solid-state system is a
thermistor. Compared to an RTD, a thermistor has a higher sensitivity, but the
resistance change is nonlinear with temperature. In addition, unlike RTD, with
increasing temperature, a thermistor's resistance decreases. Compared to RTD, the
thermistor cannot be used to calculate high temperatures. The maximum operating
temperature, in fact, is often only 100 to 200 Celsius.