* Paraphrasing

* Changing the word order of a phrase or

sentence is usually safer than using synonyms
because the words are the same, so the
meaning must be the same.

*Changing the Word

Order
* However, it is not always easy to decide which
words to move or to decide to which position
the words should be moved. Also, when you
move a word you might need to change some
other words, add some other words or cut
some other words to ensure that the new
sentence is grammatically correct.
* If the original sentence has two or more
clauses, change the order of the clauses.

* "If they have some help, most people can

paraphrase effectively. However, practice is
important because paraphrasing is difficult.”

* "Most people can paraphrase effectively, if

they have some help. Paraphrasing is difficult,
so practice is important."
* If the original sentence has an adjective and
noun, change the adjective into a relative
clause.

"Writing essays can be a challenging task."

"Writing essays can be a task which is

challenging."
*Because I slept too late, I missed my first class.
I missed my first class because I slept too late.

The most effective way to build your English skill is to study

regularly.
The most effective way of building your English skill is to do
studying on a regular basis.

In order to pass that exam, I had to study very hard.

I had to study very hard in order to pass that exam.

.
* Terry wanted more books, but he could not afford them.
Terry could not afford more books, even though he wanted them.

If you are going to Toronto for Christmas, be sure to take warm

clothes. 
Be sure to take warm clothes, if you are going to Toronto for
Christmas.

Even though the weather was good, David was in a bad mood.
David was in a bad mood, even though the weather was good.

I had no money, so I borrowed some.

I borrowed some money, because I had none
* Universities accept students before their high
school graduation under the early admission
system.
* Under the early admission system, students are
accepted by colleges before they graduate
from high school.
* Create your own syntax for your paraphrased
paragraph. Paraphrasing doesn’t just relate to
word choice; it also has to do with syntax and
structure. “Syntax” refers to the order of the
words when you form a sentence.
* For instance, “Jane stared at the sunset as she
ate oranges”
is syntactically different from the sentence
* “Jane ate oranges while she stared at the sunset.
1. Communicative competence is measured on the four basic
skills of language-reading, writing, speaking and listening.
2. According to English curriculum requirements, the
objective of English is to develop students’ ability to use
English in an all-purpose way.
3. Speaking communication is the most common way of
building interpersonal relations.
4. The amount of input depends on students listening
proficiency and on the situation.
5. Many teachers, when talking about role plays or discussion,
prefer to watch or observe, listen and take notes.

* Practice: Paraphrasing with Changing the

Word Order
* It sounds very difficult to use different grammar, but
actually it is easier than changing vocabulary. In
addition, if you change the grammar and make an
error, usually the reader will understand what you
mean. However, if you change the vocabulary and
make an error, often the reader will not understand
what you mean. So, although changing the grammar
has some advantages, it is still not easy and you
should practice it as often as possible. Here are two
suggestions for how to change the grammar without
making errors:

*Use different grammar

* Change some of the words in the original
sentence into different parts of speech (you
will often need to change the word order and
some other words, too).
* "The most effective way to build your English
skill is to study regularly."

* "The most effective way of building your

English skill is to do studying on a regular
basis."
This rewriting of history was not so much a matter of a new
start.

This rewriting of history was not so much a matter of starting

again.

Here he lives with the laborers in one of the barrack rooms, and
out of his small earnings makes a start at having a house built.

Here he lives with the laborers in one of the barrack rooms, and
out of his small earnings starts to have a house built.

*change nouns to
verbs
* The Normans invaded in 1066.
The Norman invasion took place in 1066.
* The bomb exploded and caused many
casualties.
* The explosion caused many casualties.

*change verbs to nouns

* He wrote frequently.
He wrote on frequent occasions.
* Politically, it was a bad decision.
From a political point of view, it was a bad
decision.

*change adverbs to
adjectives
* If the original sentence is in the active voice,
change it to passive or vice versa.
* 1. "To improve English, you should learn new
vocabulary on a daily basis."
* 2. "To improve English, new vocabulary should
be learned on a daily basis"
* Given the extent to which deforestation increased markedly in
the four southern states during 1987 and 1988, it is heartening
news that during the early part of the 1989 dry season the
burning seemed to have been curtailed somewhat, due to a
combination of policy changes, better controls on burning, and
most important of all an exceptionally wet "dry" season.
* Deforestation increased markedly in the four southern states
during 1987 and 1988. On account of this, it is heartening news
that during the early part of the 1989 dry season the burning
seemed to have been curtailed somewhat. The reason for this is
a combination of policy changes, better controls on burning, and
most important of all an exceptionally wet "dry" season.

*break up sentences
* Tropical forests are defined here as evergreen or partly
evergreen forests. They grow in areas receiving not
less than 100 mm of precipitation in any month for
two out of three years. The mean annual
temperature is 24-plus degrees Celsius. The area is
essentially frost-free.
* Tropical forests are defined here as evergreen or partly
evergreen forests, in areas receiving not less than
100 mm of precipitation in any month for two out of
three years, with mean annual temperature of 24-
plus degrees Celsius, and essentially frost-free.

*combine sentences
*
The dog bit the man.
The man was bitten by the dog.

A hotel employee will carry Brenda's bags.

Brenda's bags will be carried by a hotel employee.

*It is not unusual for June to be a rainy month here.

June is often a rainy month here.

It is thought that this new plan will save money.

Many people think that this new plan will save money.

Various languages are spoken in this country.

The people of this country speak various languages.
  
David studied Japanese, and, as a result, he translated for our visitors from Japan.
David could translate for our visitors from Japan, because he had studied Japanese.
  
Bob got married four times and had eight children.
Bob had four wives and was the father of eight.