which means is to measure the worth of something. Values are the elements of life prevailing in any society Values lie at the core of man’s life. Values gave color to man’s choice. Values also, shape & determine an individual’s or group decision to like or dislike, favor or disfavor, change or not to change. Max Ferdinand Scheler (German:22 August 1874 – 19 May 1928) Defined Axiology as the philosophical values. Acts reveal the person’s value preferences. Like a prism that reflects the invisible spectrum of colors, a person’s act manifest his invisible order of values. The order of values is objective and independent Phenomenology of Moral Values A description of moral insights into a moral experience shows the following: There is awareness of the difference between right and wrong Moral experience cannot be reduced to other human experience There is a “must” quality, i.e., it is expected and demanded that everyone be moral We experience “ought” in doing good and avoiding evil Yet we are free to do good or evil
From the phenomenon of dialogue
When we speak of and judge others When we praise some and blame others When we contrast the faithful and the unfaithful husband Characteristics of Moral Values 1. of other values and preferred for their own sake 2. Moral values are universal and necessary for everyone friendship remains a value ta all even if the friend is a rascal 3. Moral values are obligatory, they ought to be realized and cannot be postponedA value becomes moral because it is recognized as reasonable and freely chosen by human person 4. Moral values are pre- eminent over other human values 5. Moral values are absolute independent THE METAPHYSICS OF MORAL VALUES 2. The good as perfective of a subject is object of desire ( thing-to-person relationship ) The good as perfect in itself is object of love ( person-to- person relationship ) The good value to a person if it is freely chosen. 3. Dynamism of the Good. > Dynamism of the subject valuing is shown by a cigarette being of value to the smoker because he has already a tendency to smoke. Dynamism of the object valued is shown if the cigarette has a quality that can fulfill a need in the smoker. SUBJECT VALUING ( man ) OBJECT VALUED ( cigarette ) MAN 2-FOLD TENDENCY 1. Natural tendency to the good ( will as object ) • Possess things
• This is human
2. The moral choice of what is reasonable ( will as
reason/reasonable love ) • Know and love another person • This is moral THUS, WE SAY: “THE WISDOM OF THE INTELLECT CREATES A SAGE; THE WISDOM OF THE WILL MAKES A SAINT.” KNOWLEDGE OF VALUES 1. Immediately felt or experience before it is known and explained. • 2 ways of knowing value: a.) By real or experience (e.g. one who is in love knows love) -- connatural knowledge (“moral sense”) b.) By notional or conceptual knowledge (e.g. one who has never in love gives a definition of love) -- this is objective national knowledge (“ethics”) 2. What is the source of our moral idea?, what we should become to be fully human? • answers: it is from experience of what we are, we form the ideal of what we should become. The World Of Values A. Relation of Natural values to Moral values 1.Mediation of Reason 2.Subjective and Objective Relationship 3.Sanction and Merit The World Of Values B.Mixed or Intermediate values 1.Values which are morally relevant 2.Moral education 3.Mixed values The World Of Values C.Hierarchy of Values 1.Religious Values 2.Moral Values 3.Infra-Moral Values 4.Infra-Human Values Thank you