Heat and work

First we need to know these system

Closed
System Iso
e n Sy late
p
O ste m ste d
y m
S
Open System
• Allows matter and energy to enter and leave the system

Closed system
• No matter enters or leaves the system. In terms of its surrounding,
energy is transfers.

Isolated system
• System where neither matter nor energy enters or leaves the system
Heat capacity
• -Refers to how much heat an object accepts for a given rise in
temperature.

• A body with a high heat capacity takes in a lot of heat for a small
increase in temperature.

• Heat capacity applies to all objects and does not depend on the mass
of the object.
•  Heat capacity of an object is the amount of heat required to raise its
temperature by 1 Kelvin.

• Therefore,

• C is the heat capacity, m is the mass of an object, c is the specific

heat capacity of the material of the body.

• Molar heat capacity refers to one mole of the substance. The molar
heat capacity of a material is the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of one mole of the material by 1K.
•  If the molar mass of a substance is M kg per mol, then the molar heat
capacity,
•=
• In the above equation, the molar mass must be in kg because the specific
heat capacity c, is defined for 1 kg.
• Thus, if the relative molecular mass of a substance is given as then its
molar mass is kg
• Hence the molar heat capacity in terms of will be
•=
To Calculate amount of heat
•  Q is required to raise the temperature of a substance an amount the
following formula can be used.

 If the heat capacity, is known.

 If the specific heat capacity, c and mass ,m, are known.
 If the molar heat capacity, , and number of moles, n, are
known.
Tutorial:
•  The heat capacity of 2kg of nitrogen gas for a given volume and
pressure is 1457 . Calculate

• A) The specific heat capacity

• B) The molar heat capacity for nitrogen.
Solution (Move the block answers
after doing the tutorial)
•  A) C=mc
•= = = 728.5

• B) =
• = 20.4
Work
• When a force moves an object through a distance, then the work
done is force x distance.

• If a gas is compressed, a force is needed to compress it.

• This force moves through a distance during the compression and thus
work is done.
To calculate the work done
during compression
Suppose a gas is
enclosed in a cylinder
with a smooth piston.

If the piston is pushed into

the cylinder by a certain
distance, the pressure of
the gas will increase
because of the decrease in
volume
•  However for a compression through an infinitesimally small distance the
volume would not have changed much and hence the pressure, p, can be
considered constant.

• The work done , W will be force x distance. The force is the pressure x area
of cross section of the piston, A.

Hence,

A x dy is the volume through which the gas is compressed, dv. Since the gas is
being compressed, the volume decreases, and hence dv is a negative
quantity for compression. The work done on the gas, is thus
•  Since dv is a negative quantity for a compression, W is also negative: that’s is.
Work done on a gas is negative.

• On the other hand, if the gas is allowed to expand by itself against an external
pressure, dv will be positive, and thus W, the work done by a gas , will be
positive.

• The work done during a compression from an initial volume of to a final volume
of is given by

This integration can be shown in a graphical form it the relationship between p

and V is know. For an ideal gas at constant temperature, Boyle’law applies.
•  Thus,
where k is
constant.
• Hence the
graph of p
versus V will
be as
shown.
 
The area under the graph is the value of
the integral from to
 
Using the earlier equation,

= K[In V

= k(ln -ln )

= kln
•For
  an ideal gas , the value of k is where n is the number of moles in the
gas.
For compression, > and ln is negative. Hence, work done is negative.
For expansion, however, < , ln is positive, and the work done is
positive.

If the volume does not change, dv=0 and thus no work is done.
Tutorial:
•  50 g of He gas is allowed to expamd from 0.100 to 0.125 at a
constant temperature of 27°C. What is the work done by the gas on
the surroundings?
Solution:
•  The relative molecular mass of He is 4, hence 50 g of He is equivalent
to mol. The relationship between p and v is therefore
•
=
=