Durability

Prof A.R.Santhakumar
 Some Mechanical properties of structural Steel

Type of Design- UTS Yield strength Elonga Charpy V -

steel ation (MP (Mpa) tion notch
a) Thickness (mm) Gauge values
<20 20- >40 Joules
40 (min)
Standard Fe 410 250 240 230 23 27
structura 410A
l steel Fe 410 250 240 230 23 27
410B
Fe 410 250 240 230 23 27
410C
High St58HT 580 360 0.05 1.00 20 -
tensile ST55- 550 360 .05 1.00 20 -
structura HTW
l steel
 Special steels

• Stainless steels

Stainless Steel grades and their usage

Grade of Usage
stainless steel
316 (18% Cr) Profiled roofing, cladding, gutters,
facades and hand railings—in
highly polluted environments
304 (18% Cr- Decorative elements in areas near
(% Ni) coast line. Also for kitchen and
sanitary wares—coastal and less
polluted areas
430 (17% Cr) Roofing, gutters, decorative wall
tiles, hallow structural sections—
non-polluted environments
409 (11% Cr) Painted roofing-- non-polluted
environments
 SECTION 15 DURABILITY

15.1 General
15.2 Requirements for Durability
– Shape, Size, Orientation of Members, Connections and
Details

– Exposure Condition (Table 15.1)

– Corrosion protection methods

– Surface protection

– Protective coating requirements (Table 15.2)

– Special steel
 Metal Connection

A C

Electrolyte

Mechanism of corrosion as a
miniature battery
Anode
Drop of water

A C

Cathode
Metal bar
Mechanism of Corrosion in steel
 Types of corrosion
Drop of Water

C A
C

A
Mechanism of crevice corrosion The mechanism of fretting corrosion
F
Galvanic corrosion
Hydrogen C

embritlement A

Bacterial corrosion
F
Mechanism of stress
corrosion
 Methods of prevention corrosion - Simple
procedures







Simple orientation of members
Detailing to enhance air
movement between
joints

Simple rule:
 •Eliminate the electrolyte
•Avoid simultaneous
presence of water and oxygen
 Is Corrosion a real Problem?
• Indian designers feel that steel corrodes most in
India. Is it true?
• Steel corrodes all over the world! But they are
better managed in the western countries!
• Excellent protective coatings which retain their
life even up to 20 years are available!
• Corrosion-where does it matter? Normal inland
there is no problem! Exposed conditions
ofcourse do need attention.
• Corrosion is no more a disincentive for not using
steel in housing sector!
 General

• A durable steel structures is one that

performs satisfactorily the desired function in
the working environment under the
anticipated exposure condition during its
service life, without deterioration of the cross
sectional area and loss of the strength due to
corrosion. The material used, the detailing,
fabrication, erection and surface protection
measures should all address the corrosion
reduction and durability requirements.
 Shape, Size, Orientation of Members,
Connections and Details
The design, fabrication and erection details of exposed
structure should be such that good drainage of water
is ensured. Standing pool of water, moisture
accumulation and rundown of water for extended
duration are to be avoided.
The details of connections should ensure that

a) All exposed surfaces are easily accessible for

inspection and maintenance.
b) All surfaces not so easily accessible are completely
sealed against-ingress of moisture.
 Exposure Condition
General Environment – The general environment, to which steel
structure is exposed during its working life, is classified into five
levels of severity, as given in
Table 15.1.
Abrasion – Specialist literature may be referred for durability of
surfaces exposed to abrasive action as in machinery, conveyor belts
support system, storage bins for grains or aggregates.
Exposure to Sulphate Attack- Appropriate coatings may be used when
surfaces of structural steel are exposed to concentration of
sulphates (SO3) in soil, ground water etc.
When exposed to very high sulphate concentrations, of more than 2
percent in soil and 5 percent in water, some form of lining such as
polyethylene, polychloroprene sheet, or surface coating based on
asphalt, chlorinated rubber, epoxy or polymethane material should
be used to completely avoid access of the solution to the steel
surface.
TABLE 15.1 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
 Corrosion Protection
methods
The main corrosion protection methods are
given below:
• Controlling the Electrode Potential
• Inhibitors
• Inorganic/Metal Coatings or Organic/Paint
systems
 Surface Protection

• In the case of mild exposure, a coat of primer after removal of

any loose mill scale may be adequate. As the exposure
condition becomes more critical more elaborate surface
preparations and coatings become necessary, as per Specialist
literature.
• Steel surfaces shall be provided with atleast on coat of primer
immediately after its surface preparations, such as sand blasting
to remove all mill scale and rust to expose steel.
• Steel without protective coating shall not be stored for long
duration in out door environment.
• Surfaces to transfer forces by friction as in HSFG connections
shall not be painted. However it shall be ensured that moisture
cannot be trapped on such surfaces after pretensioning of bolts
by proper protective measures.
 Surface Protection (contd.)

• Member to be assembled by welding shall not be

prepainted at the adjacent to the location of such
welds. However, after welding appropriate protective
coatings shall be applied in the region as required by
the exposure conditions. If the contact surfaces
cannot be properly protected against ingress of
moisture by surface coating, they may be completely
sealed by appropriate welds.
• Prepainted members shall be protected against
abrasion of the coating during transportation,
handling and erection.
 Protective Coating
Requirements
• Specialist literature may be referred to for appropriate surface
preparation and type and extent of protective coatings for the
different types of exposure condition. Table 15.2 gives guidance
to a protection for steelwork for different desired protection lives.

Special Steels

Steels with special alloying elements and production

process to obtain better corrosion resistance may be used
as per Specialist literature.
 TABLE 15.2 PROTECTION GUIDE FOR STEEL WORK APPLICATION
(a) Coating System Desired Life in Different Environments (In Years)
Coating Coating Coating Coating Coating Coating
Atmospheric
System System System System System system
Condition
1 2 3 4 5 6
Normal Inland About Above
12 18 About
(Rural and Urban 20 years 20 20
areas) years years 20 years
years years
*Polluted Inland Above
10 15 About 15-20
(High airborne 12 years 20
sulphur dioxide) years years 18 years years
years
Normal Coastal About Above
(As normal inland 10 12 About
20 years 20 20
plus high airborne years years 20 years
salt levels) years years
Polluted Coastal Above
(As polluted Inland 10 About 15 - 20
8 years 10 years 20
plus high airborne years 15 years years
salt levels) years
TABLE 15.2 (b) Specification for Different Coating System
(i) Shop Applied Treatments
 TABLE 15.2
(b) Specification for Different Coating System
(ii) Site Applied Treatments