Section 8

Design of members
subjected to bending

Dr S R Satish Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering
I I T Madras, Chennai 600 036
sr.satishkumar@gmail.com

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 1

 SECTION 8 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING
8.1 General
8.2 Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

8.2.2 Laterally Unsupported Beams

8.3 Effective Length of Compression Flanges
8.4 Shear
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.5 Stiffened Web Panels
8.5.1 End Panels design
8.5.2 End Panels designed using Tension field action
8.5.3 Anchor forces
8.6 Design of Beams and Plate Girders with Solid Webs
8.6.1 Minimum Web Thickness
8.6.2 Sectional Properties
8.6.3 Flanges Cont...
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 2
 SECTION 8 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING
8.7 Stiffener Design
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Design of Intermediate Transverse Web Stiffeners
8.7.3 Load carrying stiffeners
8.7.4 Bearing Stiffeners
8.7.5 Design of Load Carrying Stiffeners
8.7.6 Design of Bearing Stiffeners
8.7.7 Design of Diagonal Stiffeners
8.7.8 Design of Tension Stiffeners
8.7.9 Torsional Stiffeners
8.7.10 Connection to Web of Load Carrying and Bearing Stiffeners
8.7.11 Connection to Flanges
8.7.12 Hollow Sections
8.8 Box Girders
8.9 Purlins and sheeting rails (girts)
8.10 Bending in a Non-Principal Plane

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 3

 RESPONSE OF BEAMS TO VERTICAL
LOADING

• Plastic hinge formation

• Lateral deflection and twist
• Local buckling of
i) Flange in compression
ii) Web due to shear
iii) Web in compression due
to
concentrated loads
• Local failure by
i) Yield of web by shear
ii) Crushing of web
iii) Buckling of thin flanges
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 4
 LOCAL BUCKLING AND SECTION CLASSIFICATION

OPEN AND CLOSED SECTIONS

Strength of compression members depends on slenderness ratio

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 5

 LOCAL BUCKLING

(a) (b)

Local buckling of Compression Members

Beams – compression flange buckles locally

Fabricated and cold-formed sections prone to local buckling
Local buckling gives distortion of c/s but need not lead to collapse

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 6

 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PLASTIC THEORY
w Collapse mechanism

L
Plastic hinges Plastic hinges
Mp

Mp
Bending Moment Diagram Bending Moment Diagram

Formation of a Collapse Mechanism in a Fixed Beam

First yield moment My

Plastic moment Mp
Shape factor S = Mp/My
Rotation Capacity (a) at My (b) My < M<Mp (c) at Mp

Plastification of Cross-section under Bending

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 7

 SECTION CLASSIFICATION

Plastic
Mp

Compact
My

Semi-compact

Slender

y u Rotation 

Section Classification based on Moment-Rotation Characteristics

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 8

 SECTION CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
WIDTH -THICKNESS RATIO

Mp

My

Semi-
Plastic Compact Compact Slender

1 2 3 =b/t

Moment Capacities of Sections

For Compression members use compact or plastic sections

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 9

 Table 2 Limits on Width to Thickness Ratio of Plate Elements

Type of Element Type of Class of Section   250 f

y
Section
Plastic (1) Compact Semi-compact (3)
(2)
Outstand element of Rolled b/t  9.4 b/t  10.5 b/t  15.7
compression flange
Welded b/t  8.4 b/t  9.4 b/t  13.6

Internal element of bending b/t  29.3 b/t  33.5 b/t  42

compression flange
Axial not applicable b/t  42
comp.
Web NA at mid d/t  84.0 d/t  105 d/t  126
depth

Angles bending b/t   9.4 b/t   10.5 b/t  15.7

Axial  
not  
applicable b/t  15.7
comp. (b+d)/t  25
Circular tube with   D/t  442 D/t  632 D/t  882
outer diameter D

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 10

 Conditions to Qualify as a
Laterally Restrained Beam

• It should not laterally buckle

• None of its elements should buckle until a desired limit
state is achieved
• Limit state of serviceability must be satisfied
• Member should behave in accordance with the
expected performance of the system

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 11

 Condition of the beam lateral stability

• 1 Laterally Supported Beam

The design bending strength of beams, adequately
supported against lateral torsional buckling (laterally
supported beam) is governed by the yield stress

• 2 Laterally Unsupported Beams

When a beam is not adequately supported against lateral
buckling (laterally un-supported beams) the design
bending strength may be governed by lateral torsional
buckling strength

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 12

 Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
The factored design moment, M at any section, in a beam due to
external actions shall satisfy M  Md

8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

Type 1 Sections with stocky webs

d / tw  67

The design bending strength as governed by plastic strength, Md, shall be

found without Shear Interaction for low shear case represented by
V <0.6 Vd

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 13

8.2.1.3 Design Bending Strength under High Shear

• V exceeds 0.6Vd

Md = Mdv
Mdv= design bending strength under high
shear as defined in section 9.2

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 14

 Definition of Yield and Plastic Moment Capacities

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 15

8.2 Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
The factored design moment, M at any section, in a beam
due to M M d
external actions shall satisfy
8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

The design bending strength as governed by plastic

strength, Md, shall be taken as
Md = b Z p fy / m0  1.2 Ze fy / m0
8.2.1.4 Holes in the tension zone

(Anf / Agf)  (fy/fu) (m1 / m0 ) / 0.9

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 16

 8.2 Design Strength in Bending
(Flexure)
Stocky webs
Md = b Zp fy / m0  1.2 Ze fy / m0

 b =1.0 for plastic and compact section

 b = Ze/ Zp for semi-compact section
• Zp, Ze = plastic and elastic section modulli
• fy = yield stress of the material
 m0 = partial safety factor

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 17

 Laterally Stability of Beams

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 18

 BEHAVIOUR OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO
BENDING
Mcr
Plastic Inelastic Elastic
Range Range Range

Mp

My

Mo Mo

Unbraced Length, L

Beam Buckling Behaviour

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19

 LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS

 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
 Distance between lateral supports to the compression flange.
 Restraints at the ends and at intermediate support locations
(boundary conditions).
 Type and position of the loads.
 Moment gradient along the unsupported length.
 Type of cross-section.
 Non-prismatic nature of the member.
 Material properties.
 Magnitude and distribution of residual stresses.
 Initial imperfections of geometry and eccentricity of loading.

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 20

 SIMILARITY BETWEEN COLUMN BUCKLING
AND LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS

Both have tendency to fail by buckling in their weaker plane

Column Beam
Short span Axial Bending in the plane of
compression loads and attaining
& attainment plastic capacity
of squash load
Long span Initial Initial vertical deflection
shortening and lateral torsional
and lateral buckling
buckling
Pure flexural mode Coupled lateral
Function of slenderness deflection and twist
function of slenderness

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 21

 SIMILARITY OF COLUMN BUCKLING AND BEAM BUCKLING -1

Y
P M
X
Z
B B
B B
M

P
u u
Section B-B
Section B-B
Column buckling

EA EI y Beam buckling
 EIx >EIy
l 3
l EIx >GJ

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 22

 LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF
SYMMETRIC SECTIONS
Assumptions for the ideal (basic) case
• Beam undistorted
• Elastic behaviour
• Loading by equal and opposite moments in the
plane of the web
• No residual stresses
• Ends are simply supported vertically and laterally
The bending moment at which a beam fails by
lateral buckling when subjected to uniform end
moment is called its elastic critical moment (Mcr)

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 23

 (a) ORIGINAL BEAM (b) LATERALLY BUCKLED BEAM

A y Lateral
Deflection
M M
A z
Elevation
l
x

Section

θ
Plan Section A-A

Twisting
(a) (b)

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 24

 Mcr = [ (Torsional resistance )2 + (Warping resistance )2 ]1/2

1
  Π2  E Iy  Γ  2

 E  I y  G  J   
Π 
M cr 
L L2 
  

or
1
  Π2  E Γ 
M cr   E  I y  G  J  2
Π 1 2

1   2 
L   L G J 

EIy = flexural rigidity

GJ = torsional rigidity
E = warping rigidity

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 25

 FACTORS AFFECTING LATERAL STABILITY

• Support Conditions
• effective (unsupported) length
• Level of load application
• stabilizing or destabilizing ?
• Type of loading
• Uniform or moment gradient ?
• Shape of cross-section
• open or closed section ?

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 26

 LEVEL OF LOAD APPLICATION
w

14
w Bottom flange
12 loading w
10 w
Shear center Top flange
8 loading loading

6
Critical Value of

4
2
4 10 100 1000
Value of L2 G J / E Iw

Leff = 1.2 L for top flange loading

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 27

 TYPE OF LOADING
a) Uniform moment – simple analysis, severe loading
b) Non-uniform moment
• Equivalent uniform moment
W
Mmax

Mmax Mmax

Mmax

basic case more stable case

• Effective slenderness
- when the point of max. moment is laterally unsupported

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 28

 EQUIVALENT UNIFORM MOMENT FACTOR (m)

Elastic instability at M’ = m Mmax (m  1)

m = 0.57+ 0.33ß + 0.1ß2 > 0.43
ß = Mmin / Mmax (-1.0  ß  1.0)
Mmax Mmin Mmax Mmin

Mmax Mmin Mmax Mmin

Positive Negative

also check Mmax  Mp

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 29

 EFFECT OF TYPE OF CROSS SECTION

1.0
d
l

0.1 d
M Cr of the section / MCr of box sectio

0.01 d

0.001 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
l/d

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 30

 EFFECT OF FLANGE POSITION AND
PROPORTION ON LATERAL STABILITY

12
10
8
6
Non dimensional critical moment Mcr /(E Iy G J
4
2
0
2 10 100 1000
Non dimensional torsional parameters 4 l2 G J / E Iy h2

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 31

8.2.2 Laterally Unsupported Beams
The design bending strength of laterally unsupported beam is
given by:
Md = b Zp fbd
fbd = design stress in bending, obtained as ,fbd = LT fy /γm0
LT = reduction factor to account for lateral torsional buckling given by:
1
 LT   1.0

[  LT   LT  LT
2

2 0.5
]


 LT  0.5 1   LT  LT  0.2  LT
2

LT   b Z p f y / M cr
LT = 0.21 for rolled section,
LT = 0.49 for welded section
Cont…
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 32
8.2.2.1 Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Moment

  2 EI y    2
EI  
M cr    GI t  w
2 
 
  KL   
2
 KL   

2 0.5
 LT  EI y h 
2
1  KL / ry  
M cr  2
1    
2( KL )  20  h / t f  
 
APPENDIX F ELASTIC LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

F.1 Elastic Critical Moment

F.1.1 Basic
F.1.2 Elastic Critical Moment of a Section Symmetrical about
Minor Axis

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 33

 EFFECTIVE LATERAL RESTRAINT

Provision of proper lateral bracing improves lateral stability

Discrete and continuous bracing
Cross sectional distortion in the hogging moment region
Discrete bracing
• Level of attachment to the beam
• Level of application of the transverse load
• Type of connection
Properties of the beams
• Bracing should be of sufficient stiffness to produce
buckling between braces
• Sufficient strength to withstand force transformed by
beam before connecting

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 34

 BRACING REQUIREMENTS

Effective bracing if they can resist not less than

1) 1% of the maximum force in the compression flange

2) Couple with lever arm distance between the flange

centroid and force not less than 1% of compression
flange force.

Temporary bracing

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 35

 BEAMS WITH CONTINUOUS LATERAL RESTRAINT

Friction Concrete
connection topping

Light
weight
(a) Steel Shear
(b) studs
Beam fully Decking
Beam in friction (c)
encased in connection with
concrete Beam with metal
concrete decking

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 36

 Other Failure Modes

Shear yielding near support

Web buckling Web crippling

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 37

 Web Buckling

Pwb  ( b1  n1 ) t f c
L 0.7 d
d/2 b1 n1  E 
ry ry
450
Iy t3 t
d/2 ry   
A 12t 2 3

LE 2 3 d
 0.7 d  2.5
ry t t
Effective width for web buckling

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 38

 Web Crippling

Pcrip  ( b1  n2 ) t f yw
b1 n2
1:2.5 slope

Root
radius
Stiff bearing length

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 39

 SUMMARY

• Unrestrained beams , loaded in their stiffer planes may undergo

lateral torsional buckling
• The prime factors that influence the buckling strength of beams
are unbraced span, Cross sectional shape, Type of end restraint
and Distribution of moment
• A simplified design approach has been presented
• Behaviour of real beams, cantilever and continuous beams
was described.
• Cases of mono symmetric beams , non uniform beams and
beams with unsymmetric sections were also discussed.

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 40