Durability and Fire Resistance

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 1

 Metal Connection

A C

Electrolyte

Mechanism of corrosion as a
miniature battery
Anode
Drop of water

A C

Cathode
Metal bar
Mechanism of Corrosion in steel

2
 Types of corrosion
Drop of Water

C A
C

A
crevice corrosion fretting corrosion
F

Galvanic corrosion C

A
Hydrogen
embritlement
Bacterial corrosion F
stress corrosion
3
 Methods of prevention corrosion - Simple
procedures

Simple orientation of members Detailing to enhance air

movement between
joints
Simple rule:
•Eliminate the electrolyte
•Avoid simultaneous
presence of water and oxygen
4
 Is Corrosion a real Problem?

• Indian designers feel that steel corrodes most in

India. Is it true?
• Steel corrodes all over the world! But they are
better managed in the western countries!
• Excellent protective coatings which retain their
life even up to 20 years are available!
• Corrosion-where does it matter? Normal inland
there is no problem! Exposed conditions
ofcourse do need attention.
• Corrosion is no more a disincentive for not using
steel in housing sector!

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 SECTION 15 DURABILITY

15.1 General
15.2 Requirements for Durability
– Shape, Size, Orientation of Members, Connections and
Details

– Exposure Condition (Table 15.1)

– Corrosion protection methods

– Surface protection

– Protective coating requirements (Table 15.2)

– Special steel

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 6

 TABLE 15.1 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE CONDITIONS

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 7

 TABLE 15.2 PROTECTION GUIDE FOR STEEL WORK APPLICATION
(a) Coating System Desired Life in Different Environments (In Years)
Coating Coating Coating Coating Coating Coating
Atmospheric
System System System System System system
Condition
1 2 3 4 5 6
Normal Inland About Above
12 18 About
(Rural and Urban 20 years 20 20
areas) years years 20 years
years years
*Polluted Inland Above
10 15 About 15-20
(High airborne 12 years 20
sulphur dioxide) years years 18 years years
years
Normal Coastal About Above
(As normal inland 10 12 About
20 years 20 20
plus high airborne years years 20 years
salt levels) years years
Polluted Coastal Above
(As polluted Inland 10 About 15 - 20
8 years 10 years 20
plus high airborne years 15 years years
salt levels) years

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 8

 TABLE 15.2 (b) Specification for Different Coating System
(i) Shop Applied Treatments

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 9

 TABLE 15.2
(b) Specification for Different Coating System
(ii) Site Applied Treatments

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 10

 Positive points of steel as a
construction material under fire
• Damage to strength of steel due to fire is
reversible in most of the cases
• Using the principle “ if the member is straight
after the fire - the steel is O.K” many of the
members could be salvaged.
• Up to about 2150C steel retains its strength
• In the case of concrete, at 2350C turns pink; 5900C
turns red and irreversible damage after 6000C
• Steel exposed to 6000C could be strengthened
and reused.

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 Typical fire loads and behaviour of steel
under fire

Examples of fire load in various structures

Type of steel structure Kg wood / m2
School 15
Hospital 20
Hotel 25
Office 35
Departmental store 35
Textile mill show room >200

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Typical fire loads and behaviour of steel under fire

0
C
Furnace
1000 temperature

Unprotected steel

500

Fire protected steel

temperature
0
30 60 90

Time (Minutes)
13
1.5
Coeff. of thermal
expansion (x 105)
1.0

0.5 Young’s modulus

Yield stress ratio ratio

200 400 600 800 1000

Temperature 0C

Mechanical properties of steel at elevated

temperatures

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 Fire Engineering of steel structures

D t Hp
Hp =2D+B
=2D+3B-2t
B

High Hp / A Low Hp / A Hp =2D+2B Hp

Value Value =2D+4B-2t

The section factor Some typical values of HP of

concept fire protected steel sections

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 Methods of fire protection

• Spray protection

• Board protection

• Intumescent coatings

• Concrete encasement?

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 SECTION 16 FIRE RESISTANCE
16.1 Requirements

16.2 Definitions

16.3 Fire Resistance Level

16.4 Period of Structural Adequacy (PSA)

16.5 Variation of Mechanical Properties of Steel with Temp.

16.6 Limiting Steel Temperature

16.7 Temperature Increase with Time in Protected Members

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 17

 Fire Protection Criteria
• period of structural adequacy (PSA) greater than or equal to the
required fire-resistance level (FRL) in minutes attained in the
standard fire test
• FRL shall be prescribed by other standards depending on the use
of the structure and the time required to evacuate.
• The period of structural adequacy (PSA) shall be determined using
one of the following methods:
(a) By calculation
– (i) By determining the limiting temperature of the steel (Tl) in
accordance with 16.6 and then.
– (ii) By determining the PSA as the time (in minutes) from the
start of the test (t) to the time at which the limiting steel
temperature is attained in accordance with 16.7 for protected
members and 16.8 for unprotected members.
(b) By direct application of a single test in accordance with 16.9 or
• (c) Calculation of the temperature of the steel member by, using a
rational method of analysis confirmed by test data or by methods
available in Specialist literature.
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 18
 16.5 Variation of Mechanical Properties of Steel with T
(a) Yield stress
f y (T ) 905  T

f y (20) 690

(b) Modulus of elasticity

 
 
E (T ) T
 1.0   
E (20) 
 2000
  T  
ln 1100   0C  T  600C
    

 T 
6901 


1000  600C  T  1000C

T  53.5
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19
 16.6 Limiting Steel Temperature

limiting steel temperature (Tl) in degree Celsius shall be calculated as

Tl= 905-690 rf
where
rf rf = ratio of the design action on the member under fire to the design capacity
of the member (Rd = Ru/m) at room temperature
Rd, R Rd , Ru = design and ultimate strength of the member at room temperature
m = partial safety factor for strength

The design action under fire shall consider

a) The reduced bond likely under fire.
b) The effects of restraint to expansion of the elements during fire.

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 20

 Temperature Increase with Time
Protected Members
16.7.1 The time (t) at which the limiting temperature (Tl) is attained
shall be determined by calculation on the basis of either
a suitable series of fire tests and regression analysis in accordance
with 16.7.2 or
from the results of a single test in accordance with 16.7.3.

Unprotected Members
calculate using the following equations.  0.433T 
a)  Three-sided fire exposure condition t   5.2  0.0221T   
 k sm 
 0.213T 
b)  Four-sided fire exposure condition t   4.7  0.0263T   
where  k sm 
t = time from the start of the test, in minutes
T = steel temperature, in degrees Celsius, 500oC  T  750C
ksm = exposed surface area to mass ratio, 2103 mm2/kg  ksm  35
103 mm2/kg
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 21
 Fire resistant steels
Chemical composition of fire resistant steel

C Mn Si S P Mo+Cr
FRS  0.20  1.50  0.50  0.04  0.04  1.00
% % % 0% 0% %
Mild  0.23  1.50  0.40  0.05  0.05 -
Steel % % % 0% 0%

•Very cost effective compared to structural steel

•FRS are available in India
•Very popular and cost effective - Japanese
experience

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