GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS SYSTEM

GYROSCOPE
Purpose
 It is accurately balanced fly wheel having freedom in
one or more plane, posses the properties of rigidity
and precession.
Gyroscope has three degrees of freedom:
• Spinning freedom: about an axis perpendicular
through its centre (axis of spin XX )
• Tilting freedom: about a horizontal axis at right
angles to the spin axis (axis of tilt YY
• Veering freedom: about a vertical axis
perpendicular to both the spin and tilt axes (axis of
veer ZZ )
Gimbal Arrangements System:
 Gimbal system
The three degrees of freedom are obtained by
mounting the rotor in two concentrically pivoted
rings, called inner and outer gimbal rings. The
whole assembly is known as the gimbals system of
a free or space gyroscope. The gimbals system is
mounted in a frame.
 
Note:
•All the axes are mutually at right angles to one
another and intersect at the center of gravity of the
rotor.
•The system will not exhibit gyroscopic properties
unless the rotor is spinning
•The properties of gyroscopic i.e rigidity and
precession both are depend on the principle of
conservation of angular momentum
•The angular momentum of a body about a given
point remains constant unless some force is
applied to change it.
 Angular momentum is the product of the
moment of inertia (l) and angular velocity
(U) of a body referred to a given point-the
center of gravity in the case of a
gyroscope.
 Type of Gyroscope
• Space gyro: Having freedom in three axis right angle
to each other.
• Free gyro: Having freedom in three axis right angle
to each other and have characteristic of gyro
wander.
• Earth gyro: Having freedom in three axis right angle
to each other and controlled by gravitational force.
• Tied gyro: Having freedom in three axis right angle
to each other and controlled by external force.
• Rate gyro: Having freedom in one axis at right angle
to the plane of rotation and controlled by
calibrating spring.
 Gyroscopic properties
The two properties of an actual gyroscope
may be more closely defined as follows:
Rigidity
Precession

Rigidity
The property which resists any force
tending to change the plane of rotation of
its rotor.
 Property of rigidity dependent

• The mass of the rotor,

• The speed of rotation,
• The distance at which the mass acts from
the center, i.e. the radius of gyration.
Note:
One of the essential requirements of any
gyroscope is to have the mass of the rotor
concentrated as near to the periphery to get
maximum inertia
Precession
The angular change in direction of the
plane of rotation under the influence of an
applied force. The change in direction takes
place, not in line with the applied force,
but always at a point 90' away in the
direction of rotation.
 Fig. Gyroscopic
precession. (a) Gyro resists force; (b) bans mission of force; (c) effect on
rotor segments; (6) generation of precession;(e) effect of precession
Rate of precession depends :
• The strength and direction of the applied
force,
• The moment of inertia of the rotor,
• The angular velocity of the rotor
NOTE:
• The greater the force, the greater is the
rate of precession and the moment of
inertia
• The greater the angular velocity, the
smaller is the rate of precession.
• The axis about which a torque is applied
is termed the input axis,
• The one about which precession takes
place in termed the output axis
Sperry's Rule:
Apply a torque any one of the gimbal ring
take it straight to the rim of the rotor in the
direction of the torque carry it 90deg in the
direction of the spin and imaginarily push
at that point will indicate the direction of
precession.
Limitations of a Free Gyroscope

Apparent Drift
Real Drift
Transport Wander