CASTRATION

(ORCHIECTOMY,
TESTECTOMY,
STERILIZATION,
NEUTERING)
 Castration is the surgical removal of
the testicles.
Reasons for castration:
 Eliminate the reproduction potential
 Reduce sexual activity
 Reduce tendency to roam and fight
 Reduce general level of aggression
 Eliminate testicular cancer
 Resolve disease of the prostate gland
 Thebest age for castration = 6-12
months of age.
At this age:
 the procedure is very low risk and easy to
perform.
 that diseases of the prostate and testicles
are virtually non-existent;
 bad habits such as marking have not started,
 After
a careful examination, the pet is
put under general anesthesia.

 Thebest method is inhalant

anesthesia (isoflurane) since it is much
more controllable than injectible
anesthesia.

 B’zthe patients also recover without

the prolonged "hangover" of injectible
drugs.
INJECTABLE
ANAESTHESIA

Pre-anesthetics:
Atropinesulfate=0.04 mg/kg B.Wt, s/c
Xylazine= 1-2 mg/kg B.Wt, i.m

Induction :
Ketamine=5-10 mg/kg B.Wt
Diazepam=0.25-0.5 mg/kg B.Wt (or)

Xylazine= 1-2 mg/kg B.Wt

SITES:

1) pre scrotal region

2) longitudinal incision on the

ventral aspect of the scrotum, lateral &
parallel to the median raphe on either
side.
METHODS :
1)Surgical –
a) open-open
b) open-closed
2) non surgical
 VASECTOMY
 Cooper (1930) : first experimental
vasectomy on a dog
 Vasectomy & Castration
 SURGICAL CASTRATION
 Traditional neutering of male dogs
 Surgical removal of the testicles of a male animal or human
 Removing or inhibiting the function or development of the
testes
 Spermatozoa
 Testosterone

Dog testicles
nduction of anesthesia by mask
. technique
endotracheal tube
is positioned
within the trachea
Shaving the surgical site
ready for sterile
preparation
scrubbed with disinfectant soap
solutions
all instruments
are autoclaved
to kill off
bacteria and
Arrangement of instruments
Sterile drapes
have been
applied and
clamped in
position.
making the skin
incision to
expose the
testicle
testicle
beginning to
pop out of the
skin incision
Further exposure
of the testicle
from the skin
incision.
Open technique
Ligation around the
vas deferens,
cremaster muscle and
pampiniform plexus
 cut the
structure
buried subcuticular
suture pattern
The incision is closed.
Post operative:
 Antibiotics
 NSAIDS

 Dressing of the wound, day by day

Complications:
 Prolapse of bones/ omentum through inguinal
canal
 Extensive swelling/ edema of surrounding
structures
 peritonitis
 
Things to watch for at home:
 
 One complication is licking and chewing at the
incision site. (we have to apply an Elizabethan
Collar to prevent he dog from reaching the site.)
 
 We suggest "leash only" exercise for 24 to 36
hours after surgery. This ensures that the pet will
not break open the incision while running.
 
 We ask owners to look underneath their dog once
a day for the first 4 or 5 days after surgery. If signs
of chewing are seen or swelling occur.
 NON-SURGICAL CASTRATION

Hormonal treatment
Progestogens, Androgens, GnRH analogues
(agonist/antagonist)
Intratesticular/intraepididymal injection
Immunocontraception
Ultrasound testicular ablation
HORMONAL TREATMENT
 HORMONAL TREATMENT

Steroid hormone (Progestogens,

Androgens)
Non-steroid

hormone (GnRH analogues)
Suprelorin (Deslorelin, Virbac)
 Gonazon implant (Nafarelin,
Intervet) Progestogen

Androgens GnRH
 HORMONAL TREATMENT

Exogenous hormone

Down regulation

Temporary suppression of fertility

 PROGESTOGEN
Clinical use in the bitch
• Control of oestrus (suppression/prevention)

• Pseudopregnancy

• Hypoluteoidism

Clinical use in the dog

• Antisocial behaviour

• Epilepsy

• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

• Contraception (+/-)

• Circum-anal adenoma
 PROGESTOGEN: MALE

LH/FSH progestogen

Spermatogenesis
 PROGESTOGEN: MALE
England , 1997
Progestogens Dosage Rout Durati Results
e on
Megestrol 2 mg/kg PO 7d No change in semen
acetate quality
Megestrol 4 mg/kg PO 7d Minor sperm abnormalities
acetate
MPA 10 SC - No change in semen
No change in plasmamg/kg quality
LH concentration was detected as seen in females !!!
MPA 20 SC - Rapid decline in sperm
The male dog appears to differ in the sensitivity of hypothalamo-pituitary response to progestogen feedback
mg/kg motility, morphology and
output

Megestrol acetate MPA; medroxyprogesterone acetate

 PROGESTOGEN: MALE

 Not recommended for contraception in the male

dog
1. ineffective Selman et al., 1994
2. adverse effects glucose intolerance
diabetes mellitus
 ANDROGEN

Androgens Dosag Results References

e
Mixed testosterone 5 Decline in sperm motility England, 1997
ester mg/kg (wk 3-15 post injection)
Methyltestosterone 50 mg Decreased daily sperm Freshman et
(90 d) output al., 1990
 GNRH ANALOGUES

 Agonists
 Suprelorin (Deslorelin, Virbac)
 Gonazon implant (Nafarelin, Intervet)

 Antagonists
 Acyline
DESLORELIN IMPLANT

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Anterior pituitary

LH, FSH

Ovary, Testis

Oestrogen
Testosterone
 DESLORELIN IMPLANT

Deslorelin
Suprelorin 4.7 mg
Indication:
For the induction of
infertility in healthy,
non-castrated, sexually
mature male dogs
INTRATESTICULAR INJECTION
 INTRATESTICULAR INJECTION

 Injection of sclerozing/necrotizing agents into the testes to

induce aspermatogenic orchitis and tissue sclerosis
resulting in infertility

Local inflammatory response

Autoimmone response
 INTRATESTICULAR INJECTION

 Sclerosing agents
o Zinc gluconate (Levy et al., 2008)
o 20% hypertonic saline (Emir et al., 2008)
o Glycerol (Immegart et al., 2000)
o 1.5% chlorhexidine gluconate in 50% DMSO
(Pineda et al., 1977)
o Calcium chloride (Jana and Samanta, 2007)
DIFFERENT SITES OF INJECTION

Vas deferen injection

Intraepididymal injection
Intratesticular injection
 NEUTERSOL/ESTERILSOL
Zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine
Recommendations
1. Labeled for chemical castration via intratesticular
injection in the male dog
2. Age 3-10 months (puppy)
3. Predetermined amount of zinc solution based on scrotal
width into each testis
4. Sedation is recommended
Range of testicular width mL per Mg Zinc
(cm) testis
10-12 0.2 2.6
13-15 0.3 3.9
16-18 0.5 6.6
19-21 0.7 9.2
22-24 0.8 10.5
25-27 1.0 13.1
 NEUTERSOL/ESTERILSOL

Neutersol injection

Atrophy of the testis, epididymis,

seminiferous tubles and prostate gland

Scar tissue formation

Prevention of sperm movement from seminiferous to epididymis

3-10 months old puppies: 99.6% success

Non-surgical castration
in male dogs
Possibility, availability and humanity
THANK YOU
by:
S.Soma Sekhar Goud
TV/2009-40