Lenses

Lenses
A lens is a shaped
transparent material that
refract light to create an
image.
Two Main Types of Lenses
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
Concave lenses
Those that are thicker
at the edges than at the
middle.
Convex lenses
Those that are thicker
at the middle than at
the edges.
Lens Terminology
Optical Center (P) – is the point through
which all light rays pass without being bent.
Focal length (f)- is the distance from the
optical center of the lens to the principal
focus.
Principal axis- is the line joining the optical
center and the principal focus.
Ray Diagrams
Principal Ray- a ray that leaves the
object parallel to the principal axis and
is refracted by the lens to pass through
the far focal point of a converging lens
or the near focal point of a diverging
lens.
Ray Diagrams
Focal Ray- a ray that leaves the
object and passes through the near
focal point of a converging lens.
When they refract, they continue
parallel.
Ray Diagrams
Chief Ray- a ray that leaves the
object and continues to the center of
the lens. If the lenses are thin
relative to its radii of curvature, this
ray is not diverted.
Convex Lens Images
Convex Lens Images
Thetype of the image formed
depends on the distance of the
object from the lens.
Applying the Three Rules of Refraction

1. Any incident ray traveling parallel

to the principal axis of a
converging lens will refract through
the lens and travel through the
focal point on the opposite side of
the lens.
Applying the Three Rules of Refraction

2. Any incident ray traveling

through the focal point on the
way to the lens will refract
through the lens and travel
parallel to the principal axis.
Applying the Three Rules of Refraction

3. An incident ray that passes

through the center of the
lens will in effect continue in
the same direction that it
had when it entered the lens.
Convex Lens Images
Thetype of the image formed
depends on the distance of the
object from the lens.
Images formed by Converging Lens
Ray diagram Location of Location of Orientation Size Type
Object Image
Beyond 2F’ Between F Inverted Smaller Real
and 2F
Images formed by Converging Lens
Ray diagram Location of Location of Orientation Size Type
Object Image
At 2F’ At 2F Inverted The Real
same
Images formed by Converging Lens
Ray diagram Location of Location of Orientation Size Type
Object Image
Between 2F’ Beyond 2F Inverted larger Real
and F’
Images formed by Converging Lens
Ray diagram Location of Location of Orientation Size Type
Object Image
Between P In front of Upright larger Virtual
and F’ the lens
Images formed by Converging Lens
Ray diagram Location of Location of Orientation Size Type
Object Image
At F’

No Image Formed
Concave Lens Images
The image formed by a
concave lens is virtual, upright,
smaller than the object, and
located at the same side of the
lens as the object.
Concave Lens Images