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What
What is
is Perception
Perception and
and Why
Why is
is itit Important?
Important?
Perception is a process by which individuals
organize and interpret their sensory impressions
in order to give meaning to their environment.
It’s important because people’s behavior is based
on their perception of what reality is, not on
reality itself.
The Perceiver – attitudes, motives, interests,
experiences, expectations
The Target – novelty, motions, sounds, size,
background, proximity, similarity
The Situation – time, work setting, social
situation
Attribution
Attribution Theory
Theory
Fundamental Attribution Error
Self-Serving Bias
Halo Effect
Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of
a single characteristic.
Contrast Effects
Comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank
higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Projection
Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people
Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to
which that person belongs.
Specific
Specific Applications
Applications in
in Organizations
Organizations
Employment Interview
– Perceptual biases affect the accuracy of interviewers’
judgments of applicants.
Performance Expectations
– Self-fulfilling prophecy (pygmalion effect): The lower or
higher performance of employees reflects preconceived
expectations about employee capabilities.
Performance Evaluations
– Appraisals are subjective perceptions of performance.
Employee Effort
– Assessment of individual effort is a subjective
judgment subject to perceptual distortion and bias.
Assumptions
Assumptions of
of the
the Rational
Rational Decision-Making
Decision-Making
Model
Model
1.
1. Problem
Problemclarity
clarity
2.
2. Known
Knownoptions
options
3.
3. Clear
Clearpreferences
preferences
4.
4. Constant
Constant
preferences
preferences
5.
5. No
Notime
timeor
orcost
cost
constraints
constraints
6.
6. Maximum
Maximumpayoff
payoff
So,
So,how
howare
aredecisions
decisions actually
actuallymade
madein
inorganizations?
organizations?
Bounded Rationality
Individuals make
decisions by constructing
simplified models that
extract the essential
features from problems
without capturing all their
complexity.
Perception