This grammar sub-

course is supplemented
with PowerPoint
presentation.
 Skill 1
Subject + Verb (+ Object)
I saw John.
They read the book
John speaks English.
He speaks a foreign language.
My father bought the blue shirt.
The girl spoke to the teacher.
The man from Isfahan spoke to me.
 Skill 2
Object of prepositions
I went to the park with my friends.
• With my friends, I went to the park.
• I talked to the man.
• They looked at the picture.
• The book is written by Hemingway.
• I put the ashtray near him.
• He is studying at this school.
Gerunds as the objects of prepositions
Many people are afraid of moving to a
foreign country.

I’m looking forward to experiencing

another culture.
as subjects of the sentence
Moving to a foreign country is good.
Experiencing another culture could be
fun.
 Noun phrases containing gerunds
On of the most difficult aspects of working
.abroad is being far away from my family

The most rewarding thing about helping the

elderly is learning from their years of experience.

One of the rewards of working with young

work force is using their youthful energy.

What I don’t like about living in Teheran is the

.hustle and bustle of life there

One of the good things about eating hot foods

 Skill 3
Appositive +‫معترضه‬
An appositive is part of a sentence which gives extra piece of information
about a noun, or a phrase, or a sentence
- my friend, Gorge , is an engineer.
- Norooz, Iranian new year, begins in spring.
- Iranian new year, Norooz, begins in spring.
- The teacher, a man of thirty, is speaking to the students.
- A man of thirty, the teacher is speaking.
- -The IELTS listening tests, which are produced by the university of
Cambridge, are a bit challenging.
- Young people exercise regularly, which is very heartening .
- It was cold, which is why I caught a cold.
- Fortunately, young …….
• three patterns are possible with appositives.

1. Appositive used at the beginning of a sentence;

• Appositive, ………. .
Fitted on the roof, the solar panels produce electricity.
Now swimming in the pool, the boy is naughty.
2. Appositive used in the middle of a sentence;
• ……..,appositive, ……. .
My brother, who lives in Teheran, is a students.
3. Appositive used at the end of a sentence.
.……., appositive.
They decided to cut the tree, which is 200 years old.
 Skill 4
Present Participle
-ING (modifies the subject)
• The man is playing football.
• The man is my friend.
- The man playing football is my friend.
- The boy sitting near the wall is my friend.
- The book lying on the chair is yours.
- I want to talk to the boy sitting near the wall.
- My brother is the man standing over there.
 • Skill 5
Past Participle

-ED/EN ( Modifies the object)

He wrote the poem.
The poem is about spring.
• The poem written by him is about spring.
• They saw the movie made by him.
• He decided to buy the house painted blue.
• The letter read by him is from your mother.
• I want the book published yesterday.
 Participle

• A participle - the –ing. and –ed

form of a verb- can be used before
a noun- and modify it.
• A crumbling wall
• Her smiling/shining face
• A cracked window
• The stolen car
 When we talk about how we feel,
it’s common to use adjectives that
end in “-ed”.

To describe something, or how we

feel about it, use adjectives ending
in “-ing”.
Example: I feel excited because it’s
exciting.
Letter : a, b, m, o, ….
Word : a meaningful combination of letters
a, the, man, book, boy

Phrase: a meaningful combination of words

a man, the boy, my book, on the bus

Clause: a meaningful combination of words+ sbj+ verb

I am a teacher. when he came, ….

1. Simple
sentence
2. Compound

3. Complex
A phrase is part of a sentence which does not
have a verb.

There are two types of phrases:

1.A Noun phrase which functions as a

noun.
The man/ a man/ my book/ that chair
2. A Prepositional phrase which begins
with a preposition.
to the man/ with a man/ on my book/
beside the chair
 Skill 1
Subject + Verb + Object
The study group read the book
John speaks the English language.
He speaks a foreign language.
My father bought the blue shirt.
The girl spoke to the teacher.
The man from Isfahan spoke to me.
 CLAUSE
A clause is part of a sentence with
subject and a verb.
He went home.
There are two types of clauses:
1.Main clause which can be a simple
sentence.(independent clause)
2 . A dependent clause which can
not be used as an independent
sentence
 Main Clause = Simple Sentence

simple sentences

a. She is a teacher.
b. I am a student.
c. The man went out.
d. He started teaching.
 Compound Sentence
(sentences with multiple clauses)

When two main clauses are joined by a connector,

the sentence is called a compound sentence.
but
main clause, or main clause.
Simple sentence, and Simple sentence.
yet
so
I am a teacher, but you are a student.
 Connecting two clauses
(a dependent & an independent one)

I went home after the class started.

They can come if you help them.
(main clause) (dependent clause)

After the class started, I went home.

Whenever he is late, he takes a taxi.
(dependent clause) (main clause)
 Complex Sentence
Main clause is a clause that contains a
subject ‫اد‬+‫ه‬+‫ ن‬/‫ مبتدا‬and a predicate +‫زاره‬
+++‫ گ‬/‫بر‬+‫خ‬
Pattern A. Main Clause +Dependent Clause
Pattern B. Dependent Clause,+ Main Clause

a. He comes here whenever he has time.

b. Whenever he has time, he comes here.
a. He comes here if he has time
b. If he has time, he comes here.

“Whenever” and if are the subordinator/ connector.

 Pronunciation Tip
Use a rising intonation in a first clause of
complex sentence and a falling intonation in
the second clause.

When he comes home, (dependent clause)

he starts doing his homework. (main clause)

Also, stress the first syllable of the word in a

compound noun.

Traffic jam a two-bedroom apartment

He is my class mate.
She went to the bedroom
.
 Homework
1. Write 10 simple sentences.
2. Write 5 compound sentences.
(connect the 10 sentences)
3. Write 10 complex sentences
with “if” ,“when”, “while”
“before”, “after”, and “although”
 Different types of complex sentences are made by
using different connectors

1. Time after, before, as long as, as=while….

2. Cause because, since, as, inasmuch as, …
3. Condition if, in case, providing, provided
(that) unless, on the condition ,…
(that), as long as, …
4. Contrast although, while, whereas, even though
5. Place where, wherever,…
 connecting two main clauses
a. Using a comma to make a compound sentence.
b. Using a semicolon to connect two closely-related sentences.

I am a teacher, but you are a student.

We can use a semicolon instead of a coordinate
conjunction such as and, or ,or but to link two
closely related independent clauses.
1. These species (bird) are endangered; they are
unlikely to survive if we continue to pollute.
2.
3. He did not study hard. However, he needed to.
Connecting words which connect 2 se
s nte
nt nce
nc s
Addition:
Moreover,/ In addition,/ Furthermore,/ What is more,/
Contrast:
However,* = Nevertheless,/ Even so, / Just the same
In contrast,/ Otherwise/ On the other hand,
(On the one hand, ……… . On the other hand, ..)
However adv)= meaning despite this connects sentences

However hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish a

pizza
I never seem to be able to finish a pizza however hungry I am.
(no matter how)
Using the connector “because”, make
complex sentences with the prompts
suggested.
a. I intend to continue my education ….
… b. I am going to get married •
… c. I think I’m going to eat fast food tonight •
… d. My father is stingy •
…e. My brother has decided to migrate to Tehran •
f. People use their private cars …
g. My salary is more than yours. I work on •
… the night shift
 Three types of connectors
.1. connectors making compound sentences
……………….. , connectors …………….. .
They wanted to go, but it was late.
They wanted to go; it was late.
2. Connectors making complex sentences
a. main clause dependent clause.
b. dependent clause, main clause.
3. Connectors connecting two sentences.
………………… . Connector, ………….. .
………………… ; connector, ………….. .
They wanted to go. However, it was late
They wanted to go; however, it was late.
• S V O
Mary knows John. (n.)

Mary knows the man.

Mary knows who the man is.

The man knows John.

The man knows who went in.

Everybody knows where he is living

 9. Noun Clause
• S. V. Obj. (noun)
I know Mary. (noun)

I know when Mary goes home. (clause)

When Mary goes home (cl.) is easy to discover.

What I don’t care about (cl.) is how you choose the job.(cl.)
Wh-questions changed to N. cl.
S V O

I Know something/someone

I Know where he is.

Where is he? I know where he is.

Who(m) did she talk to? I know … .
When did he come? Nobody knows … .
Where is the hotel? Please tell me … .
How old is he? I don’t now … .
What is the consequence of consuming GM foods?
Scientists are still not sure ….
Yes/No Questions Changed to Noun Clause

Is the weather warm in the room?

Please tell me if/whether the weather is warm in the room .

1.Does he speak English? Who knows … .

2. Is he happy there? I wonder … .
3. Did they come early? Do you know …
4. Has he been there? I don’t know … .
5. Is it late? Did he tell you
 10. Noun Clauses as subject or Object
of a sentence

Wh. Questions
Where is he? Everyone knows where he is.
What does he do? What he does is important.

Yes/No Questions
Are they here? I wonder if/whether they are here
Whether they will go or not depends on the situation.
Noun clauses beginning with that &question words,
It is difficult.
S V O
I know (that) it is difficult.

Why don’t they start the show?

s v o
Something I is why they don’t
don’t understand start the show.
 Noun clauses beginning with that &question
words,
S V O
S V
I know that it was difficult.
S V O
That the test was difficult worried them.

That he failed the exam worries me.

I don’t know why people here do not obey traffic laws.
Why people here do not obey traffic laws is something which annoys me.
That he is lazy should be considered when giving him tasks to do.
The fact that …
Why stores close so early is something I don’t understand.
Something I don’t understand is why stores close so early
something, one thing, or the thing.
-I love to do when I am alone
-I don’t like to eat when I am angry
-I see when I open the window to
my room
-young people in my country like
to buy
- I like to read before I go to bed
 Noun phrase
Answer the following questions using a complex noun.
phrase
What is one of the rewards of being a
nurse?
What is one of the advantages of studying abroad?
What is a disadvantage of living in the countryside.
What is an advantage of coming from a big family?
What is an advantage of living in an extended family?
What is a problem with driving a big car?
What is the best thing about living in an apartment?
What is a drawback of living in your neighborhood?
What is a problem with being a talkative person?
Noun clauses containing relative clauses
R. Cl can function as nouns when introduced with
something, one thing, or the thing.
They can be the subject or the object of a S.
Something that really bothers me is people
who talk loudly during a movie.

This type of N Cl. Can occur with clauses

beginning with when, how, why, etc.

One thing that annoys me is when my

neighbors have loud parties late at night.
Here are some ways of expressing reasons or
explaining how you feel. By using them, you
will sound very natural and they also give
emphasis to the reason while allowing the
listener time to digest your response.
What I like about … is (that)
The reason I don’t like … is (that)
The reason (why) I enjoy … is that
One of the bad things about … is not being able to / is
that
One of the good things about … is being able to/is
(that)
• Some other words and phrases to introduce noun
clauses (noun phrases containing relative clauses)are as follows:
(as a subjects)
• Something the main reason
• The thing another reason
• One thing the most important factor/aspect
• The only thing one of the things
• What
………….. (that) I don’t like to do in my free time is
(that) I like about my hometown
(that) causes people to migrate to Tehran
(that) I like about pop music
(that) I don’t like about science fiction movies
Noun clauses used as an object

People who speak with their mouth full is something

.which really bothers me a lot
Chewing gum while speaking is ….

Speaking loudly during a movie is …

When people are being judgmental is …

Talking behind someone’s back is …

Being nosy is …

When someone I know well forgets my name is …

 Phrases
1. Noun phrase
The car hit the old man.
The brand new car hit the elderly man passing the street.
A beautiful young woman passed the shop window.

The new apartment building next to mine looks expensive.

2. Prepositional phrase

The house in the corner is the one you talked about.

She gave the book to the man who is from Isfahan.

The program shown on TV was about space exploration.

 1. Main clause
He speaks English.
2.Dependent clause

when he is in class
3 Noun clause
S v o
I don’t know where he is.
s v predicate
What he does is not important
4. adj. clause
S v o
I bought the car which you recommended.
What young people do depends on where they live.
Something /buy how much money
/have
What/do where they are

Music/listen where/be

What/eat the time of day

How/travel money/have/
time/have

Kind of TV program/watch time of day

How/go to work when/ wake up

How much money earn how hard/work

Kind/transportation/use * I am in a hurry or not

Vacation destination how long it is

 Conditional Sentences
These sentences are basically of 3 types:
Type 1 If you come early,
Present possible
I will show it to you

Type 2 If you came early,

Present impossible
I would show it to you

Type 3 If you had come early,

Past impossible
I would have shown it to you.
 Adj. Clause (relative clause) .11
Describes and limits nouns
Adjectives come before nouns
Adjectives clauses come after nouns

.The man is reading the book

.I have written the book

.The man is reading the book that I have written

.He bought a book

.The book is bestseller

.He bought the book that is bestseller
• Relative pronouns are words that act as a
subject or object in a relative clause. The
following words can be relative pronouns:
that, what, where, when, which, who,whom, why.

Example:

• I listened to the CD that I got for my birthday.

main clause relative clause
12. Sentences with reduced relative (adjective) clauses

Relative pronoun with verb BE can be omitted when:

1. Relative pronoun + BE progressive

2. Relative pronoun + BE passive

3. Relative pronoun + BE prep. phrase

I talked to the man who was playing soccer.

They bought the picture which was painted by Caren.
The man who is in the picture is my father.
ii. With no verb BE

-I saw the fish that weighed 50 kg.

If that is omitted, the verb must be replaced with –ing
form:
I saw the fish weighing 50kg.

Note: Only a small number of relative clauses can

be changed in this way. It depends on the

verb. The clauses which can be changed
correspond to sentences containing verbs
that cannot occur in the –ing form.
Some additional examples:
a. He bought a car which cost 10 million Tomans.
He bought a car costing 10 million Tomans.

b. He used a relative clause that began with that is.

He used a relative clause beginning with that is.

C. He wrote a sentence that contained a relative clause.

He wrote a sentence containing a relative clause.

d. The book that belongs to me is on the table.

The book belonging to me is on the table.
e. He read a book that describes the historical incident.
he read a book describing the historical incident.
iii.
Object relative pronoun
-They talked to the boy. You saw the boy.
They talked to the boy (who(m)/ that )you saw.

-He wrote the book. We read the book.

He wrote the book (that/which) we read.

-I read the poem. You’ve written the poem.

I read the poem (that/which) you’ve written.
- Anyone who is hoping to succeed in business needs
to have original ideas on how to market products.
- Anyone who hopes to succeed in business needs to
have original ideas on how to market products.

- A person who works as an inventor is always looking

for new ways of solving common problems.
- I want to talk to the person who is from Teheran.
- Anyone who chooses to stay here should let us know
in advance.
• A person who needs to get a good score on
the IELTS test should work hard.

• Anyone who lives in Isfahan has access to the

many facilities available.

• Speak to the man who wears/wore a white uniform.

• Give this to the lady who answers the phone.

• Use the door which opens to the yard.

• A person who works as a forest ranger needs

to be adventurous.
 • Defining and non-defining/appositive
relative clauses

A defining relative clause defines or gives

essential information about a noun.
-Isfahan is a city where you can find a lot of
historical monuments.
-This is the house where I was brought up.
-Spring is the season when most flowers bloom.
I sa
-He is the man who offered me the job. My
Jo
I hate people who tell lies. Th
A non-defining RCl. gives optional information
about a noun. They are usu. used bet.
commas.

- Isfahan, which used to be the capital city of

Iran, is well-known for its historical places.
-There are many historical monuments in Isfahan,
which used to be the capital of Iran.

-The IELTS listening tests, which are produced

by the university of Cambridge, are a bit
challenging. (non-defining/ appositive)
 Skill 13 Reduced adverb clauses
We can use either the complete or the reduced form.
Although (he is) rather unwell, the speaker will take
part in the seminar.

When (you are) ready, you can begin your speech.

Although he feels (feeling) rather sick, the speaker

….
 13. Reduced adv. clauses
Adverb connectors
1.Time after, before, while
However, other time clauses cannot usually reduced
Ever since I was a kid, I’ve had trouble getting up early.
As soon as I get up in the morning, I race off to the gym.
Until I’ve had my coffee, I’m not ready to start working.
Whenever you have to work with numbers, plan to do it
around noon. Grammar Plus p. 112

2. Condition if, unless, whether

3. Contrast although, though
4. Place where , wherever
 13. Reduced adv. clauses
i. adv. connector + subj. + BE
Although he is unwell, he will go to the meeting.
Although - unwell, he will go to the meeting.

ii. Adv. Connector + (subj + V ) V -ing

When you give your speech, you should keep calm.
When giving your speech, you should keep calm
• If the subject of the sentence doesn’t
change, clauses with (right) after, (right)
before, and while can be reduced.
• After I finish/After finishing my workout, I head
for the office.
• While I take/ While taking my lunch break at
work, I often sneak a five-minute nap.
• I’m not very approachable right after I wake
up/right after waking up!
• However, other time clauses such as ever
since, as soon as, until, and whenever
cannot be reduced.
Reduced relative (adjective) clauses
• You can reduce a R Cl. by dropping who+ be

• Originality is an important quality for a person

(who is) working as a screenwriter.

You can also drop who and change the V. to -ing.

{ who wants}
Anyone wanting to be successful has to work hard.
Passage 1 p. 75 (3)

A person who is responsible for a large staff has

to be creative with scheduling.
 15. Agreement after indefinite pronouns

every-
any -
no- + is
some-
each + noun
every + noun
 agreement
A lot of errors in the area of agreement.
Check agreement between:
• subject + verb the boy goes. vs. the boys go.
• Pronoun + noun I saw a movie and I liked it..
• Number + noun two men are coming
After phrases such as:
• One of (+ plural nouns+ singular verbs)
• A number of (+ plural noun+ plural verb)
• The number of(+ plural noun + singular verb)
• After many (+ plural)
• After every/each (singular)
 Check agreement in these sentences.
1. On the plus side, if these development are getting better.
2. In other words, every children would receive education.
3. There are three reason for this.
4. Children does not read books.
5. The number of Japanese tourists dropped for this reasons.
6. They don’t want to do this kind of jobs in the future.
7. In the hotel where he live, everyone treats him well.
8. There are many thing that should be considered.
9. The other three nation spent the same amount of money.
10. The other one is more surprising because it occurs in
countires in which citizens has a very high income.
 Irregular -er,…, er … structures

-er
The more same structure, the -er
more
same structure,

-The more money you pay, the more soup you

eat.
-The harder you study, the more chance you
have to pass the university entrance exam.
-The more I tried, the less successful I was.
-The easier the test is, the more the number of
the candidates who pass it.
 Passive
I ate the apple

The apple was eaten by me

1. I speak English English is spoken.

2. I spoke English English was spoken.
3. I will speak English. English will be spoken.
4. I have spoken English. English has been spoken.
5. I’m speaking English. English is being spoken.
6. They had spoken English. Eglish had been spoken
 Modal passive
• may/might/can/could/will/would/should/
ought to/ must/have to + be
1. We must inform them of the problem.
They must be informed of the problem.
2. He should persuade children to recycle.
children should be persuaded to recycle.
3. we can reduce the amount of domestic rubbish.
…………………………………………………………. .
4. they might offer a tax rebate to people who
recycle enough of their rubbish.
………………………………………………………….
• We must increase the general public’s
awareness of the environmental issues.
• The government (governments) should try
to change people’s mindset from private
cars to public transportation.
 Adj. after linking verbs

They work carefully.

She looks nice

Linking verb

In English, an adv can modify an adj.

She looks unusually nice

 certain adj. end in –ly
Costly likely daily early friendly
Kindly lively lonely manly monthly
 Predicative and descriptive adj.
• Predicative adjectives begin with ( a):

alike, alive, alone, afraid, asleep, glad,

• They are used after linking verbs:

The twin brothers are not alike at all.

A pronoun takes the place of noun or a group
of nouns

he they
She some
It any
we who
They which
someone
 51. Use –ED and –ING adj. correctly

subject Verb
The man teaches English.
The man is from Iran.
The man teaching English is from Iran.

Subject Objectc
The man painted the car.
The car is here.
The painted car is here.
Compound complex sentence has at least
three clauses.
Two or more independent sentences and one
.or more dependent clauses

I need to study at nights, but my wife studies

.when she has to
• Teaching and learning have changed over time.
Classical scholars, Socrates in particular,
rejected didacticism, preferring instead to
teach by interaction. Socratic dialogues, in
which propositions and ideas were subject to
close study and debate, were widely
considered to be the best way to instill*
knowledge and develop creative thinking.
• Instill= to put a feeling, idea or principle gradually into
someone's mind, so that it has a strong influence on the way
they think or behave:
It is part of a teacher's job to instill confidence in/into his or her
students.