EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BATTERY

TEMPERATURE
UNDER CONSTANT DISCHARGE RATE
Prepared by : Akmal Bin Fahruddin
Supervisor : Dr. Zul Hilmi Bin Che Daud
Outline
1. INTRODUCTION 4. METHODOLOGY
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2. 3 IMPORTANT KEYS 5. SUMMARY

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3. LITERATURE REVIEW 6. PLANNING

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1.0 Introduction
• Recent years, car manufacturers are putting more effort in the production of Hybrid Electric Vehicle
(HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) to reduce the usage of fossil fuel and reduce exhaust emission which are
causing greenhouse effect.
• Lithium-ion batteries are notable for having a relatively high energy density. Nickel-metal hydride
batteries perform stably even at low temperatures. Some manufacturer uses two types of battery to
meet the regional needs – Toyota Prius.

Parameter NiCd NiMH LiB

Relative capacity 1 1.4 3

Charge/Discharge Cycle 500+ cycles 300+ cycles 300+ cycles

Life
Memory effect Noticeable effect Little effect No memory effect

Operating temperature -30 to +60˚C -20 to +50˚C -10 to +50˚C

High temperature Some permanent loss Greater permanent loss Greater permanent loss
susceptibility of capacity above 60˚C of capacity above 60˚C of capacity above 60˚C

Self-discharge 20% loss of charge per 30% loss of charge per 3% loss of charge per
month month month
2.0 3 Important keys
• Thermal effect influence battery performance and cycle life.
Problem • Uncontrolled temperature will lead to thermal runaway and explosion.
• Local temperature increases during discharging process especially for
statement large LiBs used in HEV and EV.

• To study the temperature of battery cells during discharge

Objective process under several constant discharge rates and constant
cooling air velocities

• Measure cells surface temperature

• Ambient cooling air temperature
Scope • Constant discharge rates : 1C, 3C and 5C
• Constant cooling air velocities : 2, 4 and 6m/s
 3.0 Literature Review
• Battery
- Chemical energy into electrical energy

• Cell, modules, and packs

• Discharging rate
- C-rate – discharged relative to the battery maximum capacity. 1C rate means the discharge current will discharge entire battery in 1
hour.
Example : battery capacity 100Ah with 1C discharge rate, meaning it discharge the battery at 100A in 1hour.
if at 5C rate, it will discharge at 500A.
Lithium-ion batteries are all about the movement of lithium ions: the ions move one way when the battery charges; they move
the opposite way when the battery discharges:

Charging Fully charged Discharging Fully discharged

Lithium ion
 Title Author Findings
Numerical study on tab Wenxin Meia, Haodong
dimension optimization of Chena, Jinhua Suna,
lithium-ion battery from Qingsong Wanga - heat will accumulated at the
the thermal safety (June 2018) positive tab at high discharge rate,
perspective thus leading to high temperature and
prone to thermal runaway
 Title Author Findings
Modelling the thermal Ui Seong Kima, Jaeshin Yia,
behaviour of a lithium-ion Chee Burm Shina,
battery during charge Taeyoung Hanb,
Seongyong Park
(Nov 2010)
 Title Author Findings
Modeling for the scale-up of Ui Seong Kima, Chee Burm
a lithium-ion polymer battery Shina, Chi-Su Kim
(June 2008)
- 26Ah battery

- Discharge CC 5C

- Duration of 10.8mins
 Title Author Findings
A parametric study on Liwu Fan a,1, J.M.
thermal management of an Khodadadi a, A.A. Pesaran
air-cooled lithium-ion battery (Jan 2013)
module for plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles

- Air cooled
- gap spacing and flow rate of the fan - decrease
maximum temperature rise
 Title Author Findings
A three-dimensional multi- Meng Guo a, Gi-Heon Kim
physics model for a Li-ion b, Ralph E. White
battery (Oct 2012)
 Title Author Findings
Electrochemical thermal S. Panchala, M. Mathewb,
modeling and experimental R. Frasera, M. Fowlerb
measurements of (Feb 2018)
18650 cylindrical lithium-ion
battery during discharge
cycle for an EV

- 18650 cylindrical 1500mAh lithium-ion battery

- The highest temperature is 46.86 °C at 4 C discharge rate.
4.0 Methodology
Registratio Literature review
and
n methodology

UGP1
Alignment and
Fabrication of
UGP2 assembly of test
rig
components

Preliminary Calibration
test run of sensors

Test run with Final installation of

Test Rig
Li-ion
Anemometer
batteries
Axial fan

Air flow

RTD Wind tunnel used for the experiment

Test Rig components
Anemometer
• measures and displays air velocity as well as air temperature

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)

• Measure cells surface temperature
Test Rig components
DC Programmable Electronic Loads Series IT8500+
• Model IT8514C+
• Voltage 120V
• Current 240A
• Power 1500W
• Resolution 1mV/0.1mA

Input Modules
- NI 9205 (for anemometer)
- NI 9217 (for RTD)
Test Rig components
Li-ion battery (Kokam 40Ah) – 3 units
• Typical capacity 40Ah, Nominal Voltage 3.7V
• Charge condition; max. Current 80A, Voltage 4.2V
• Discharge condition; continuous Current 200A, Peak Current 400A,
Cut off Voltage 2.7V
• Cycle Life (@80% DOD) >800 cycles
• Operating temperature; Charge 0 - 40°C, discharge -20 -  60°C

 
Axial fan (ebmpapst W1G200-EF01-01)
• Nominal voltage range 16-24V
• Speed 2130 rpm
• Air flow up to 420 /h
• Min ambient temperature -30˚C
• Max ambient temperature 50˚C
 5.0 Summary and Result
5.1 What have been done?
i. Fabricate top cover for the wind tunnel
- act as battery top holder – to space out between the 3 batteries evenly.
- cover up the gap between the batteries – prevent air from escaping.
Solidworks design 3D printing Fitment to test rig
 ii. Fitting battery stand
- act as battery bottom holder – to space out between the 3 batteries.
- use of L-shape bracket

Measurement and marking Fixing bracket Battery fitting

iii. Preliminary test
- to test the connectivity between sensors
and LabVIEW program.

Result :
Anemometer RTD
Air flow Temperature Temperature
0.65 29.6˚C 29.97˚C
6.0 Planning
Registratio Literature review Fabrication of
and methodology components
n

Preliminary Alignment and

assembly of test
test run rig
UGP1
Final installation
Calibration of the
Test run with all
of sensors components
the variables

UGP2
Graph Data collection
plotting and tabulation

Technical report
writing and
Thesis
summary compilation
Gantt chart UGP1
TASK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

UGP Title Selection PLAN

ACTUAL
UGP Title, Objective and Scope PLAN
verification ACTUAL
UGP Briefing PLAN
ACTUAL
Literature Review PLAN
ACTUAL
Preparation of Test rig PLAN
ACTUAL
Assembly of the Test rig PLAN
ACTUAL
Connection with software / PLAN
hardware ACTUAL
Report writing PLAN
ACTUAL
Preparation of UGP1 PLAN
seminar ACTUAL
UGP1 seminar PLAN
ACTUAL
Gantt chart UGP2
TASK WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7 WEEK 8 WEEK 9 WEEK 10 WEEK 11 WEEK 12 WEEK 13 WEEK 14 WEEK 15

Calibration of the sensors

Final installation of components
Experiment execution
Data collection and analysis
Draft report writing
Thesis compilation
Preparation of UGP2 seminar
UGP2 seminar
REFERENCES
Mei, W., Chen, H., Sun, J., & Wang, Q. (2018). Numerical study on tab dimension optimization of lithium-ion battery from the thermal safety perspective.
Applied Thermal Engineering, 142, 148-165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.06.075

Panchal, S., Mathew, M., Fraser, R., & Fowler, M. (2018). Electrochemical thermal modeling and experimental measurements of 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion
battery during discharge cycle for an EV. Applied Thermal Engineering, 135, 123-132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.046

Fan, L., Khodadadi, J., & Pesaran, A. (2013). Parametric Study on Thermal Management of an Air-Cooled Lithium-Ion Battery Module for Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (Vol. 238).

Guo, M., H. Kim, G., & E. White, R. (2013). Three-Dimensional Multi-Physics Model for a Li-Ion Battery (Vol. 240).

Seong Kim, U., Yi, J., Shin, C. B., & Han, T. (2011). Modelling the thermal behavior of a lithium-ion battery during charge (Vol. 196).

Zhao, C., Cao, W., Dong, T., & Jiang, F. (28 august 2017). Thermal behaviour study of discharging/charging cylindrical lithium-ion battery module cooled by
channeled liquid flow.

MIT Electric Vehicle Team. (december 2008). A Guide to Understanding Battery Specifications. From http://mit.edu/evt/summary_battery_specifications.pdf

Woodford, C. (2018, August 03). How do lithium-ion batteries work? Retrieved from https://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-lithium-ion-batteries-work.html

First, T. (n.d.). Toyota Global Site | Battery (Nickel-metal Hydride/Lithium-ion)[HV]. Retrieved December 17, 2018, from https://www.toyota-
global.com/innovation/environmental_technology/technology_file/hybrid/battery.html
THANK YOU